Latifah Munirah Kamarudin
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Latifah Munirah Kamarudin
Official Name
Kamarudin, Latifah Munirah
Alternative Name
Kamarudin, Latifah Munirah
Kamarudin, Latifah M.
Kamarudin, L. M.
Kamarudin, Munirah L.
Kamarudin, L.
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
57192974774
Researcher ID
G-8267-2016

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Measurement of rice moisture content based on quantitative analysis from radio tomography images

2024-05-01 , Nurul Amira Mohd Ramli , Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman , Ruslinda A. Rahim , Latifah Munirah Kamarudin , Latifah Mohamed , Moqbel Abdullah M.S. , Ammar Zakaria

Inefficient storage of paddy and rice grains can lead to grain deterioration, resulting in post-harvest losses ranging from 10% to 30%. The quality of grains cannot be improved throughout the storage period. Therefore, following the mechanisation of agricultural industries, air dryers have been developed to control the crops’ moisture level by blowing ambient or heated air into the silo to improve the aeration and allow the grains to be preserved with minimal loss of quality until the appropriate time for managing and marketing processes. However, the conventional sampling method used to measure the moisture level is inefficient because it is very localised and only represents part of the moisture distribution inside the bulk grains. Additionally, incorporating advanced technologies can be a significant cost limitation for small-scale industries. Thus, to address the issue, this research study developed a radio tomographic imaging (RTI) system in a silo-scale prototype using 20 sensor nodes operating at 2.4 GHz to localise and monitor the moisture level constructively. The RTI system reconstructs the cross-sectional images across the rice silo by measuring radio frequency attenuation, in terms of received signal strength (RSS) quality, caused by the rice moisture phantoms within the wireless sensor network (WSN) area. A total of five phantoms’ profiles having a percentage of moisture content (MC)of 15%, 20% and 25% were reconstructed using four image reconstruction algorithms,Linear Back Projection (LBP), Filtered Back Projection (FBP), Newton’s One-step ErrorReconstruction (NOSER) and Tikhonov Regularisation. Then, an image quality assessment,Mean Structural Similarity Index (MSSIM), was utilised to evaluate the performance of thereconstructed images. Lastly, a numerical method based on the first-order linear regressionmodel was introduced as a preliminary approach toward the method’s establishment. In summary, the experimental results demonstrated average image quality scores for all MClevels (15%, 20% and 25%), where the range scores are 0.2776 – 0.4755. Based on thenumerical analysis, the results support the possibility of engaging the proposed techniqueto monitor the moisture level inside a rice silo with the highest and lowest correlationcoefficients of 0.7218 and 0.5442, respectively.

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Human Location Classification for Outdoor Environment

2019-12-03 , Talib M.T.M. , Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman , Latifah Munirah Kamarudin , Nishizaki H. , Ammar Zakaria

Outdoor localisation can offer great capabilities in security and perimeter surveillance applications. The localisation of people become more challenges when involving with the nonlinear environment. GPS and CCTV are two localisation techniques usually use to localise human in an outdoor environment. However, they have weaknesses which result in low localisation accuracy. Therefore, the application of Device-free localisation (DFL), together with the Internet of things (IoT) is more appropriate due to their capability to detect the human body in all environmental conditions, and there is no problem losing signals as faced by GPS. This system offers excellent potential in humans localisation because humans can be detected wirelessly without any tracking device attached. In developing the DFL system, the main concern is the localisation accuracy. Although the existing DFL system gives significant result to the localisation, the accuracy is still low due to the large variation in RSSI values. Hence, a Radio Tomographic Imaging-based ANN classification (RTI-ANN) approach is proposed to increase the localisation accuracy. This Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is designed to learn the Radio Tomography imaging (RTI) input for classification purpose. Even though the RTI gives a good result to the localisation, however, it suffers from smearing effect. To eliminates this smearing area and background noise, pre-processing of the RTI image is required. Thus, extracting the valuable information technique from the RTI image has been proposed. By extracting the valuable information data from the RTI image, about 61% to 66% of the smearing noise is removed depending on the size of the RTI image. Only data directly associated with human attenuation used for training and learning of ANN. The experimental results show ANN system can localise human in the right zone for a given dataset.

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Pattern Clustering Approach for Activity Recognition in Smart Homes

2022-01-01 , Abdul Syafiq Abdull Sukor , Ammar Zakaria , Latifah Munirah Kamarudin , Wahab M.N.A.

In recent years, studies in activity recognition have shown an increasing amount of attention among other researchers. Activity recognition is usually performed through two steps: activity pattern clustering and classification processes. Clustering allows similar activity patterns to be grouped together while classification provides a decision-making process to infer the right activity. Although many related works have been suggested in these areas, there is some limitation as most of them are focused only on one part of these two processes. This paper presents a work that combines pattern clustering and classification into one single framework. The former uses the Self Organizing Map (SOM) to cluster activity data into groups while the latter utilizes semantic activity modelling to infer the right type of activity. Experimental results show that the combined method provides higher recognition accuracy compared to the traditional method of machine learning. Furthermore, it is more appropriate for a dynamic environment of human living.

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Two-stream deep convolutional neural network approach for RGB-D face recognition

2021-07-21 , Shunmugam P. , Kamarulzaman Kamarudin , Latifah Munirah Kamarudin , Ammar Zakaria , Nishizaki H.

Two-dimensional face recognition has been researched for the past few decades. With the recent development of Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) deep learning approaches, two-dimensional face recognition had achieved impressive recognition accuracy rate. However, there are still some challenges such as pose variation, scene illumination, facial emotions, facial occlusions exist in the two-dimensional face recognition. This problem can be solved by adding the depth images as input as it provides valuable information to help model facial boundaries and understand the global facial layout and provide low-frequency patterns. RGB-D images are more robust compared to RGB images. Unfortunately, the lack of sufficient RGB-D face databases to train the DCNN are the main reason for this research to remain undiscovered. So, in this research, new RGB-D face database is constructed using the Intel RealSense D435 Depth Camera which has 1280 x 720-pixel depth. Twin DCNN streams are developed and trained on RGB images at one stream and Depth images at another stream, and finally combined the output through fusion soft-max layers. The proposed DCNN model shows an accuracy of 95% on a newly constructed RGB-D database.

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A new method of rice moisture content determination using voxel weighting-based from radio tomography images

2021-06-01 , Ramli N.A.M. , Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman , Latifah Munirah Kamarudin , Latifah Mohamed , Ammar Zakaria , Anita Ahmad , Rahim R.A.

This manuscript presents a new method to monitor and localize the moisture distribution in a rice silo based on tomography images. Because the rice grain is naturally hygroscopic, the stored grains’ quality depends on their level of moisture content. Higher moisture content leads to fibre degradation, making the grains too frail and possibly milled. If the moisture is too low, the grains become brittle and are susceptible to higher breakage. At present, the single-point measurement method is unreliable because the moisture build-up inside the silo might be distributed unevenly. In addition, this method mostly applies gravimetric analysis, which is destructive. Thus, we proposed a radio tomographic imaging (RTI) system to address these problems. Four simulated phantom profiles at different percentages of moisture content were reconstructed using Newton’s One-Step Error Reconstruction and Tikhonov Regularization algorithms. This simulation study utilized the relationship between the maximum voxel weighting of the reconstructed RTI image and the percentage of moisture content. The outcomes demonstrated promising results, in which the weighting voxel linearly increased with the percentage of moisture content, with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.95 was obtained. Therefore, the results support the possibility of using the RTI approach for monitoring and localizing the moisture distribution inside the rice silo.

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Inline 3D Volumetric Measurement of Moisture Content in Rice Using Regression-Based ML of RF Tomographic Imaging

2022-01-01 , Almaleeh A.A. , Ammar Zakaria , Latifah Munirah Kamarudin , Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman , Ndzi D.L. , Ismail I.

The moisture content of stored rice is dependent on the surrounding and environmental factors which in turn affect the quality and economic value of the grains. Therefore, the moisture content of grains needs to be measured frequently to ensure that optimum conditions that preserve their quality are maintained. The current state of the art for moisture measurement of rice in a silo is based on grab sampling or relies on single rod sensors placed randomly into the grain. The sensors that are currently used are very localized and are, therefore, unable to provide continuous measurement of the moisture distribution in the silo. To the authors’ knowledge, there is no commercially available 3D volumetric measurement system for rice moisture content in a silo. Hence, this paper presents results of work carried out using low-cost wireless devices that can be placed around the silo to measure changes in the moisture content of rice. This paper proposes a novel technique based on radio frequency tomographic imaging using low-cost wireless devices and regression-based machine learning to provide contactless non-destructive 3D volumetric moisture content distribution in stored rice grain. This proposed technique can detect multiple levels of localized moisture distributions in the silo with accuracies greater than or equal to 83.7%, depending on the size and shape of the sample under test. Unlike other approaches proposed in open literature or employed in the sector, the proposed system can be deployed to provide continuous monitoring of the moisture distribution in silos.

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Rice Grain Moisture Sensing Based on UHF RFID Tag

2022-06-24 , Ainaa Syamim Mohd Radzi , Latifah Munirah Kamarudin , Latifah Mohamed , Ammar Zakaria , Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman , Syed Muhammad Mamduh Syed Zakaria , Ndzi D.L.

One of the critical steps in the post-production of paddy rice is to be stored in conditions that need to be controlled, especially the moisture content (MC) of the grains. The ability to determine and control moisture is a very important aspect of maintaining grain quality. This study aims to detect the MC of rice grain using UHF RFID technology. In this paper, three experiments have been carried out to detect the MC of rice in full rice grain-filled containers involving two conditions: with metal and without metal containers. The samples used consist of four 2 kg bags with MC levels of 11.875%, 16%, 20%, and 24%. The Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values were measured using a UHF handheld reader with two RFID tags to predict the MC. The results show an increasing RSSI pattern as the MC increases.

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Non-Contact breathing monitoring using Sleep Breathing Detection Algorithm (SBDA) based on UWB radar sensors

2022 , Muhammad Husaini , Latifah Munirah Kamarudin , Ammar Zakaria , Intan Kartika Kamarudin , Muhammad Amin Ibrahim , Hiromitsu Nishizaki , Masahiro Toyoura , Xiaoyang Mao

Ultra-wideband radar application for sleep breathing monitoring is hampered by the difficulty of obtaining breathing signals for non-stationary subjects. This occurs due to imprecise signal clutter removal and poor body movement removal algorithms for extracting accurate breathing signals. Therefore, this paper proposed a Sleep Breathing Detection Algorithm (SBDA) to address this challenge. First, SBDA introduces the combination of variance feature with Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to tackle the issue of clutter signals. This method used Daubechies wavelets with five levels of decomposition to satisfy the signal-to-noise ratio in the signal. Second, SBDA implements a curve fit based sinusoidal pattern algorithm for detecting periodic motion. The measurement was taken by comparing the R-square value to differentiate between chest and body movements. Last but not least, SBDA applied the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) method for extracting breathing signals before transforming the signal to the frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to obtain breathing rate. The analysis was conducted on 15 subjects with normal and abnormal ratings for sleep monitoring. All results were compared with two existing methods obtained from previous literature with Polysomnography (PSG) devices. The result found that SBDA effectively monitors breathing using IR-UWB as it has the lowest average percentage error with only 6.12% compared to the other two existing methods from past research implemented in this dataset.

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Feasibility analysis of indoor 3D localization system with UWB using least squares trilateration

2025-06 , Syed Muhammad Mamduh Syed Zakaria , Ammar Zakaria , Latifah Munirah Kamarudin , Ali Yeon Md Shakaff , Muhamad Naqib Mohd Shukri

Accurate 3D Localization is very important for a wide range of applications, such as indoor navigation, industrial robotics, and motion tracking. This research focuses on indoor 3D positioning systems using ultra-wideband (UWB) devices. Two localization experiments were conducted using the Least Squares Trilateration method. In the first experiment, anchors were at the same height, while in the second, they were at varying heights. The lowest percentage errors in the first experiment were 0% at the x-axis, 0.21% at the y-axis, and 19.75% at the z-axis. In the second experiment, the lowest percentage errors in the experiment were 1.98% at the x-axis, 0.68% at the y-axis, and 17.86% at the z-axis, demonstrating improved accuracy with varied anchor heights at the axis. This work shows the z-axis measurements are unreliable and noisy due to the limited intersection of signal waves of each anchor in a same height anchors setup.

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Inline 3D Volumetric Measurement of Moisture Content in Rice Using Regression-Based ML of RF Tomographic Imaging

2022-01-01 , Almaleeh Abd Alazeez , Ammar Zakaria , Latifah Munirah Kamarudin , Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman , Ndzi D.L. , Ismail I.

The moisture content of stored rice is dependent on the surrounding and environmental factors which in turn affect the quality and economic value of the grains. Therefore, the moisture content of grains needs to be measured frequently to ensure that optimum conditions that preserve their quality are maintained. The current state of the art for moisture measurement of rice in a silo is based on grab sampling or relies on single rod sensors placed randomly into the grain. The sensors that are currently used are very localized and are, therefore, unable to provide continuous measurement of the moisture distribution in the silo. To the authors’ knowledge, there is no commercially available 3D volumetric measurement system for rice moisture content in a silo. Hence, this paper presents results of work carried out using low-cost wireless devices that can be placed around the silo to measure changes in the moisture content of rice. This paper proposes a novel technique based on radio frequency tomographic imaging using low-cost wireless devices and regression-based machine learning to provide contactless non-destructive 3D volumetric moisture content distribution in stored rice grain. This proposed technique can detect multiple levels of localized moisture distributions in the silo with accuracies greater than or equal to 83.7%, depending on the size and shape of the sample under test. Unlike other approaches proposed in open literature or employed in the sector, the proposed system can be deployed to provide continuous monitoring of the moisture distribution in silos.

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