Irnis Azura Zakaria
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Preferred name
Irnis Azura Zakaria
Official Name
Zakaria, Irnis Azura
Alternative Name
Zakarya, I. A.
Azura Binti Zakarya, Irnis
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
55749533300
Researcher ID
B-9251-2012

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  • Publication
    Malaysian and Libyan Perspectives on Single-Use Plastic's Environmental Impact During the Pandemic COVID-19: A Pilot Study
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Zreba K.Y.A.
    ;
    Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar
    ;
    Farah Naemah Mohd Saad
    ;
    Irnis Azura Zakaria
    ;
    Hwidi R.S.A.
    Plastics have become a significant threat to natural ecosystems as well as human health. The use and consumption of plastics improves our quality of life significantly, but it is critical to transition to more sustainable alternatives. Thus, the current study proposes an investigation into the impact of single use plastic products during pandemic on the impact to the environment from the Malaysian and Libyan perspective. A pilot study was conducted to examine the strength of the questionnaire in collecting on the environmental impacts of single use plastic during COVID-19 pandemic distributed across two countries (Libya and Malaysia). SPSS was used to test the questionnaires' strength with 40 participants, 20 in each nation. The reliability test results with Cronbach’s Alpha predicted values of 0.7-0.86 and actual data Alpha values 0.87-0.93, normal test of variance inflation factor ranging between 1 and 5, skewness and kurtosis values of -1.343 to -0.076 and 5.312 to -0.024 respectively confirmed the strength of the questionnaires as benchmarked in the literature. Further, the participants' responses to the quality of the questionnaire in determining the single use plastic impact to environmental have clearly revealed the strength and applicability of this questionnaire for wider data collections.
  • Publication
    Mediating Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Single Use Plastic Production, Usage and Disposal Management Models Correlations
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Zreba K.Y.A.
    ;
    Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar
    ;
    Irnis Azura Zakaria
    ;
    Hwidi R.S.A.
    ;
    Hweidi A.S.A.
    This research examines the consequences of the COVID-19 epidemic on the production, use, and disposal of single-use plastics. This research explores the intricate relationships between the impacts of COVD-19 on single-use plastic production, usage, and waste management with a focus on the mediating effects of the pandemic related to model parameters and correlations to develop a trustworthy approach. The report examines first the increasing evidence regarding the pandemic's influence on various users and industries, and then the consequences for waste management and the environment. The research then examined the relationships and modelling framework correlations between the variables utilised to estimate the influence of COVID-induced changes in production, consumption, and management on single-use plastics. The study variables captured the influence of production, usage, and disposal on the environment. The study's parameters are equally linked to types of usage, have a pronominal effect, and disposal plays a vital role in the environmental impact, which makes them extremely dynamic for parameters in this study. Single-use plastic aggregation in the environment is predicted to be a dominant mechanism by disposal behaviour.
  • Publication
    The Effect of Low Initial C:N Ratio during Composting of Rice Straw Ash with Food Waste in Evaluating the Compost Quality
    ( 2020-06-10)
    Khalib S.N.B.
    ;
    Irnis Azura Zakaria
    ;
    Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar
    The physicochemical and biological changes was examined during composting of rice straw ash with food waste in order to assess the effectiveness as stability and maturity of compost at low initial C:N ratio of 20 with three different aeration rates of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 L/min.kg. The rice straw was burned at 300°C temperature to produced rice straw ash before being used to compost with a food waste. A laboratory-scale of bin composter reactor in a cone-shape was used during the composting process. The composting mixture with aeration rates of 0.6L/min.kg maintained the temperature exceeding 55°C for three days to meet the requirement of pathogen destruction compared to the composting mixture with aeration rate 0.4L/min.kg and 0.8L/min.kg. The final C:N ratio for composting mixture with aeration rates 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8L/min.kg was 11. The pH values and moisture content obtained for all composting mixture was in a range of 7-8 and 40-70%. However, the final germination index in all composting mixture was never over 80%.
  • Publication
    Municipal solid waste characterization and quantification as a measure towards effective solid waste management in UniMAP
    ( 2020-12-29)
    Irnis Azura Zakaria
    ;
    Fazhil N.S.A.
    ;
    Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar
    ;
    Siti Khadijah Za'aba
    ;
    Jamaluddin M.N.F.
    The most common environmental problems in Malaysia is increasing in solid waste generation. Solid waste generation and composition knowledge is compulsory as a benchmark for the decision making in managing municipal solid waste management strategy. The objective of this study was to measure solid waste generation and compare solid waste composition at cafeterias of UniMAP. Three different cafeterias had been chosen as a sampling location. Waste was sorted out into several components such as food waste, plastic, papers, metal, glass, and other types of waste. There is significance difference in data collection between the three locations where the organic waste was the main component in waste composition. Solid waste sampling and laboratory analysis were carried out based on random sampling method by using American Standard Test Method (ASTM) standards for proximate analysis (moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and fixed carbon). Ultimate analysis which is C:N ratio was carried out. Results showed that total municipal solid waste generated during two weeks of collection at School of Manufacturing, Tuanku Tengku Fauziah Residential College (PFI 2) and Tan Sri Aisyah Ghani Residential College (KKTAG) were 459.9 kg (0.1452 kg/p/day), 709.0 kg (0.0292 kg/p/day) and 201.90 kg (0.0163 kg/p/day). Based on this information, a proper waste management can be introduced to treat organic waste such as food waste and paper including inorganic waste efficiently.
      1
  • Publication
    Adsorption of hydrogen sulfide (H2s) from municipal solid waste by using biochars
    ( 2022-12-15)
    Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar
    ;
    Kee G.Z.
    ;
    Farah Naemah Mohd Saad
    ;
    Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim
    ;
    Irnis Azura Zakaria
    ;
    Che Besom
    ;
    Ibad M.
    ;
    Syafiuddin A.
    The emission of hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) from municipal solid waste is one of the environmental issues that raised the public’s attention and awareness. Exposure to H2 S that brings a foul smell of rotten eggs will cause headaches, irritation, dizziness, fatigue, and even death if the concentration of H2 S is too high. The study’s goals are to investigate the properties of biochars made from rice hulls, banana peels, and sawdust; to compare the biochars’ physical and chemical properties; and establish the H2 S removal efficiency of the three biochars. Biochars derived from rice hull (RHB-500), banana peel (BPB-550), and sawdust (SDB-500) by pyrolysis were used as the adsorbents. The biochar yield, pH, ash content, surface functional group, and morphology of the biochars produced were investigated. In this study, H2 S was synthesized by mixing food waste and soil in the experimental column. The H2S produced was reduced by the adsorption method. The removal efficiencies of H2 S for each biochar were determined by allowing the synthetic H2 S to flow through the two columns that were packed with sand (act as control) and biochars, respectively. All biochars were alkaline, and BPB-550 had the highest pH, followed by SDB-500 and finally RHB-500. The order for removal efficiency of H2 S (>94%) is BPB-550 > SDB-500 > RHB-500. Overall, the biochars derived from biomass had a strong ability to act as the adsorbents for H2S removal.
      32  1
  • Publication
    A Study on the Environmental Impact During Distribution and Disposal Stages for the 3-Ply Face Masks by Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Chow Suet Mun Christine
    ;
    Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar
    ;
    Irnis Azura Zakaria
    ;
    Sara Yasina Yusuf
    ;
    Ayu Wazira Azhari
    ;
    Boboc M.
    The demand of face masks had increased tremendously due to pandemic outbreak of COVID-19, leading to the increment production rate of face masks in Malaysia. Waste is also produced at the same time, resulting impacts towards the environment. Due to the land scarcity issue in Malaysia, the end of life treatment for the waste is taken into consideration. The study tools used in this study is life cycle assessment (LCA) to identify the significant potential environmental impact produced during the life cycle stages for distribution and disposal through GaBi Education Software. The disposal stage between landfill and incineration of the 3-Ply face masks is studied to determine the end of life treatment for it. The impact assessment method selected in this study is CML 2001-Jan 2016 with the environmental indicator of Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Eutrophication Potential (EP) and Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP). GWP results in producing highest impact to the environment during both distribution and disposal stages. The impact of GWP also relates to the climate change. Modern incineration is recommended to overcome the issue of land scarcity in Malaysia as the amount of waste by 3-Ply face masks are increasing due to the pandemic COVID-19, reducing the impacts towards the environment.
      42  1
  • Publication
    Comparative Study between Organic Liquid Fertilizer and Commercial Liquid Fertilizer and Their Growth Performances on Mustard Greens
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Muthu H.D.
    ;
    Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar
    ;
    Irnis Azura Zakaria
    ;
    Farah Naemah Mohd Saad
    ;
    Ngaa M.H.
    Organic liquid fertilizers (OLF) are made up of essential plant nutrients, as well as beneficial microbes that assist in the recycling of organic waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the macronutrient content of organic liquid fertilizers and compare the growth performance of mustard greens under Wick System hydroponic conditions. Market wastes also known as vegetable wastes, were utilized to produce organic liquid fertilizers and compare it to commercial fertilizer (Nutrient Solution, NS). The vegetable wastes were fermented with water and Effective Microorganisms (EM) Bokashi separately. The ratios used for fermentation are 2 kilograms of vegetable wastes, 0.5 litres of water and 100 grams of EM Bokashi. A parameter study on the OLF and OLF with Bokashi to determine the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were done. Thereafter, four Wick System (pure water, OLF, OLF with Bokashi and NS) were setup to monitor the growth performance of mustard greens twice a week. The organic liquid fertilizers are produced after 40 days of fermentation and used at a dilution of 1: 10 in the hydroponic system. The OLF and OLF with Bokashi showed the ranges of pH values as 5.1 and 4.6 respectively. The results for the hydroponic system showed that OLF demonstrated the best growth performance. The number and size of leaves and the height of the plants in the NS hydroponic system were almost similar to the plants in OLF hydroponic system. The colour of plants in OLF changed slightly to yellowish green towards the end of the growing season. The life spent of mustard greens in OLF with Bokashi hydroponic system was the least compared to other hydroponic system. This study showed that organic liquid fertilizer is as effective as commercial liquid fertilizer. Considering, it has all the nutrients that plants need to grow.
      31  1
  • Publication
    Performance of two phase anaerobic digestion on food waste for biogas production
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Irnis Azura Zakaria
    ;
    Mohammad Rizam Che Beson
    ;
    Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar
    ;
    Siti Khadijah Za'aba
    ;
    Monica Matei
    ;
    Nur Adlina Mohd Hilmi
    Every year, the total amount of solid waste generated in Peninsular Malaysia grew, according to the Malaysia government. The typical solid waste management system practiced in developing country brings many problems that can cause risks and hazards for living things and the environment in Malaysia if there are not managed properly. For example, illegal dumping cause groundwater and soil pollution. The methane gas produced from the landfill causes greenhouse effect. Food waste is categorized under household waste, where it is produced in residential areas, restaurants, cafeteria, markets and commercial areas. Therefore, anaerobic digestion process is introduced for organic waste with higher solids contents such as food waste as an alternative method. The effectiveness of anaerobic digestion process can be investigated through this process. In this study, two phase of anaerobic digesters was proposed. The reactor was operated at a temperature 35 °C, analyzed for biogas production, pH values and C/N ratio. The highest biogas production in this study is 50.4%. For a co-digestion containing more sludge can increase the pH value and biogas production.
      7  6
  • Publication
    Life cycle assessment of expanded polystyrene
    ( 2021-01-26)
    Lim Y.S.
    ;
    Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar
    ;
    Irnis Azura Zakaria
    ;
    Sara Yasina Yusuf
    ;
    Siti Khadijah Za'aba
    ;
    Mohamad M.A.
    Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is one of the most common materials used in packaging. In Malaysia, EPS is a type of plastic which is not in the recycling category. Usually, EPS wastes will end up in landfill and incinerator, leading to severe environmental impacts. Therefore, a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) study of EPS was carried out to investigate the potential environmental impacts of EPS. The most significant potential environmental impact will also be identified. Both will be identified under 2 different scenarios. The study was analyzed using GaBi Education Software with the method of TRACI 2.1 to the environmental indicators of global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), and ozone depletion potential (ODP). In scenario 1, the emission percentage for GWP, AP, EP, and ODP are 99.73 %, 0.21 %, 0.06 %, and 3x10-6 %, respectively. As for scenario 2, all the 3 conditions show similar trend with scenario 1. The LCA study of EPS is particularly focused on the manufacturing, distribution, and the end-of-lifetime treatments, with the introduction of recycling into the system. The findings show that manufacturing of EPS is the major contributor of the environmental impacts and GWP contributes to the most significant potential environmental impacts. Overall, recycling was found to have the least impact to the environment, which possibly be used as the new end-of-lifetime treatment of EPS in Malaysia.
      13  4
  • Publication
    Phytoremediation potential of Azolla pinnata on water quality and nutrients from agricultural water
    ( 2022-09-01)
    Farah Naemah Mohd Saad
    ;
    Remlee N.N.
    ;
    Irnis Azura Zakaria
    ;
    Kamaruddin M.A.
    ;
    Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar
    ;
    Ibrahim M.H.
    ;
    Alam M.
    ;
    Andini A.
    ;
    Ratnasari A.
    ;
    Boopathy R.
    ;
    Syafiuddin A.
    The area of polluted water expands day by day due to the rapid increase in agricultural activities. Application and the excessive amount of fertilizer in the agricultural activity can reduce the water quality. One of the alternative way to remove pollutants from polluted water is phytoremediation technique. This paper attempt to evaluate the potential of Azolla pinnata act as a phytoremediation to treat the agricultural water. Three types of media with different dosage which are tap water, water added with organic fertilizer (chicken manure: dosage range of 10–30 g), and water added with inorganic fertilizer (growing fertilizer: dosage range of 10–30 g) were employed. Media B10 (water added with 10 g organic fertilizer) had the highest removal 3– – efficiencies for NH3 –N, PO4, and NO3 with 25%, 38.5% and 30%. In addition, turbidity and pH value diminished to 15.65% and 18.6%, respectively. However, it indicated that Azolla pinnata has the potential as an agent of phytoremediation especially for water polluted with organic fertilizers.
      27  2