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Geopolymer Ceramic Application: A Review on Mix Design, Properties and Reinforcement Enhancement

2022-11-01 , Nurul Aida Mohd Mortar , Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah , Abdul Razak R. , Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim , Aziz I.H. , Nabiałek M. , Jaya R.P. , Semenescu A. , Mohamed R. , Ghazali M.F.

Geopolymers have been intensively explored over the past several decades and considered as green materials and may be synthesised from natural sources and wastes. Global attention has been generated by the use of kaolin and calcined kaolin in the production of ceramics, green cement, and concrete for the construction industry and composite materials. The previous findings on ceramic geopolymer mix design and factors affecting their suitability as green ceramics are reviewed. It has been found that kaolin offers significant benefit for ceramic geopolymer applications, including excellent chemical resistance, good mechanical properties, and good thermal properties that allow it to sinter at a low temperature, 200 °C. The review showed that ceramic geopolymers can be made from kaolin with a low calcination temperature that have similar properties to those made from high calcined temperature. However, the choice of alkali activator and chemical composition should be carefully investigated, especially under normal curing conditions, 27 °C. A comprehensive review of the properties of kaolin ceramic geopolymers is also presented, including compressive strength, chemical composition, morphological, and phase analysis. This review also highlights recent findings on the range of sintering temperature in the ceramic geopolymer field which should be performed between 600 °C and 1200 °C. A brief understanding of kaolin geopolymers with a few types of reinforcement towards property enhancement were covered. To improve toughness, the role of zirconia was highlighted. The addition of zirconia between 10% and 40% in geopolymer materials promises better properties and the mechanism reaction is presented. Findings from the review should be used to identify potential strategies that could develop the performance of the kaolin ceramic geopolymers industry in the electronics industry, cement, and biomedical materials.

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Optimization of Injection Moulding Process via Design of Experiment (DOE) Method based on Rice Husk (RH) Reinforced Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Composite Properties

2022-01-01 , Haliza Jaya , Nik Noriman Zulkepli , Mohd Firdaus Omar , Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim , Nabiałek M. , Jez K. , Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah

Optimal parameters setting of injection moulding (IM) machine critically effects productivity, quality, and cost production of end products in manufacturing industries. Previously, trial and error method were the most common method for the production engineers to meet the optimal process injection moulding parameter setting. Inappropriate injection moulding machine parameter settings can lead to poor production and quality of a product. Therefore, this study was purposefully carried out to overcome those uncertainty. This paper presents a statistical technique on the optimization of injection moulding process parameters through central composite design (CCD). In this study, an understanding of the injection moulding process and consequently its optimization is carried out by CCD based on three parameters (melt temperature, packing pressure, and cooling time) which influence the shrinkage and tensile strength of rice husk (RH) reinforced low density polyethylene (LDPE) composites. Statistical results and analysis are used to provide better interpretation of the experiment. The models are form from analysis of variance (ANOVA) method and the model passed the tests for normality and independence assumptions.

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HIERARCHICAL CARBON FIBER-CARBON NANOTUBES BY USING ELECTROSPRAY DEPOSITION METHOD WITH PRESERVED TENSILE PROPERTIES

2022-01-01 , Muhammad Razlan Zakaria , Akil H.M. , Mohd Firdaus Omar , Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah , Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim , Nabiałek M. , Wysłocki J.J.

In this study, the electrospray deposition (esD) method was used to deposit carbon nanotubes (cNT) onto the surfaces of carbon fibers (cF) in order to produce hybrid carbon fiber-carbon nanotubes (cF-cNT) which is rarely reported in the past. extreme high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (XHR-FeseM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTeM) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPs) were used to analyse the hybrid carbon fiber-carbon nanotube (cF-cNT). The results demonstrated that cNT was successfully and homogenously distributed on the cF surface. Hybrid cF-cNT was then prepared and compared with cF without cNT deposition in terms of their tensile properties. statistically, the tensile strength and the tensile modulus of the hybrid cF-cNT were increased by up to 3% and 25%, respectively, as compared to the cF without cNT deposition. The results indicated that the esD method did not cause any reduction of tensile properties of hybrid cF-cNT. based on this finding, it can be prominently identified some new and significant information of interest to researchers and industrialists working on cF based products.