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Geopolymer Ceramic Application: A Review on Mix Design, Properties and Reinforcement Enhancement

2022-11-01 , Nurul Aida Mohd Mortar , Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah , Rafiza Abd Razak , Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim , Aziz I.H. , Nabiałek M. , Jaya R.P. , Semenescu A. , Mohamed R. , Mohd Fathullah Ghazli@Ghazali

Geopolymers have been intensively explored over the past several decades and considered as green materials and may be synthesised from natural sources and wastes. Global attention has been generated by the use of kaolin and calcined kaolin in the production of ceramics, green cement, and concrete for the construction industry and composite materials. The previous findings on ceramic geopolymer mix design and factors affecting their suitability as green ceramics are reviewed. It has been found that kaolin offers significant benefit for ceramic geopolymer applications, including excellent chemical resistance, good mechanical properties, and good thermal properties that allow it to sinter at a low temperature, 200 °C. The review showed that ceramic geopolymers can be made from kaolin with a low calcination temperature that have similar properties to those made from high calcined temperature. However, the choice of alkali activator and chemical composition should be carefully investigated, especially under normal curing conditions, 27 °C. A comprehensive review of the properties of kaolin ceramic geopolymers is also presented, including compressive strength, chemical composition, morphological, and phase analysis. This review also highlights recent findings on the range of sintering temperature in the ceramic geopolymer field which should be performed between 600 °C and 1200 °C. A brief understanding of kaolin geopolymers with a few types of reinforcement towards property enhancement were covered. To improve toughness, the role of zirconia was highlighted. The addition of zirconia between 10% and 40% in geopolymer materials promises better properties and the mechanism reaction is presented. Findings from the review should be used to identify potential strategies that could develop the performance of the kaolin ceramic geopolymers industry in the electronics industry, cement, and biomedical materials.

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HIERARCHICAL CARBON FIBER-CARBON NANOTUBES BY USING ELECTROSPRAY DEPOSITION METHOD WITH PRESERVED TENSILE PROPERTIES

2022-01-01 , Muhammad Razlan Zakaria , Akil H.M. , Mohd Firdaus Omar , Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah , Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim , Nabiałek M. , Wysłocki J.J.

In this study, the electrospray deposition (esD) method was used to deposit carbon nanotubes (cNT) onto the surfaces of carbon fibers (cF) in order to produce hybrid carbon fiber-carbon nanotubes (cF-cNT) which is rarely reported in the past. extreme high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (XHR-FeseM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTeM) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPs) were used to analyse the hybrid carbon fiber-carbon nanotube (cF-cNT). The results demonstrated that cNT was successfully and homogenously distributed on the cF surface. Hybrid cF-cNT was then prepared and compared with cF without cNT deposition in terms of their tensile properties. statistically, the tensile strength and the tensile modulus of the hybrid cF-cNT were increased by up to 3% and 25%, respectively, as compared to the cF without cNT deposition. The results indicated that the esD method did not cause any reduction of tensile properties of hybrid cF-cNT. based on this finding, it can be prominently identified some new and significant information of interest to researchers and industrialists working on cF based products.

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Warpage optimisation using recycled polycar-bonates (PC) on front panel housing

2021-03-02 , Tamizi N.A.M.A. , Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim , Abdellah A.E.H. , Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah , Nabiałek M. , Wysłocki J.J. , Jeż B. , Palutkiewicz P. , Rozyanty Rahman , Mohd. Nasir Mat Saad , Mohd Fathullah Ghazli@Ghazali

Many studies have been done using recycled waste materials to minimise environmental problems. It is a great opportunity to explore mechanical recycling and the use of recycled and virgin blend as a material to produce new products with minimum defects. In this study, appropriate processing parameters were considered to mould the front panel housing part using R0% (virgin), R30% (30% virgin: 70% recycled), R40% (40% virgin: 60% recycled) and R50% (50% virgin: 50% recycled) of Polycarbonate (PC). The manufacturing ability and quality during preliminary stage can be predicted through simulation analysis using Autodesk Moldflow Insight 2012 software. The recommended processing parameters and values of warpage in x and y directions can also be obtained using this software. No value of warpage was obtained from simulation studies for x direction on the front panel housing. Therefore, this study only focused on reducing the warpage in the y direction. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimisation methods were used to find the optimal processing parameters. As the results, the optimal ratio of recycled PC material was found to be R30%, followed by R40% and R50% materials using RSM and GA methods as compared to the average value of warpage on the moulded part using R0%. The most influential processing parameter that contributed to warpage defect was packing pressure for all materials used in this study.

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Optimisation of shrinkage and strength on thick plate part using recycled ldpe materials

2021-04-01 , Roslan N. , Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim , Abdellah A.E.H. , Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah , Błoch K. , Pietrusiewicz P. , Nabiałek M. , Szmidla J. , Kwiatkowski D. , Vasco J.O.C. , Mohd. Nasir Mat Saad , Mohd Fathullah Ghazli@Ghazali

Achieving good quality of products from plastic injection moulding processes is very challenging, since the process comprises many affecting parameters. Common defects such as warpage are hard to avoid, and the defective parts will eventually go to waste, leading to unnecessary costs to the manufacturer. The use of recycled material from postindustrial waste has been studied by a few researchers. However, the application of an optimisation method by which to optimise processing parameters to mould parts using recycled materials remains lacking. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) methods were conducted on thick plate parts moulded using virgin and recycled low-density polyethylene (LDPE) materials (100:0, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50; virgin to recycle material ratios) to find the optimal input parameters for each of the material ratios. Shrinkage in the x and y directions increased in correlation with the recycled ratio, compared to virgin material. Meanwhile, the tensile strength of the thick plate part continued to decrease when the recycled ratio increased. R30 (70:30) had the optimum shrinkage in the x direction with respect to R0 (100:0) material where the shrinkage increased by 24.49% (RSM) and 33.20% (PSO). On the other hand, the shrinkage in the y direction for R30 material increased by 4.48% (RSM) and decreased by 2.67% (PSO), while the tensile strength of R30 (70:30) material decreased by 0.51% (RSM) and 2.68% (PSO) as compared to R0 (100:0) material. Validation tests indicated that the optimal setting of processing parameter suggested by PSO and RSM for R0 (100:0), R30 (70:30), R40 (60:40) and R50 (50:50) was less than 10%.

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Optimization of injection moulding process via Design of Experiment (DOE) method based on Rice Husk (RH) reinforced Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) composite properties

2022-01-01 , Haliza Jaya , Nik Noriman Zulkepli , Mohd Firdaus Omar , Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim , Nabiałek M. , Jez K. , Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah

Optimal parameters setting of injection moulding (IM) machine critically effects productivity, quality, and cost production of end products in manufacturing industries. Previously, trial and error method were the most common method for the production engineers to meet the optimal process injection moulding parameter setting. Inappropriate injection moulding machine parameter settings can lead to poor production and quality of a product. Therefore, this study was purposefully carried out to overcome those uncertainty. This paper presents a statistical technique on the optimization of injection moulding process parameters through central composite design (CCD). In this study, an understanding of the injection moulding process and consequently its optimization is carried out by CCD based on three parameters (melt temperature, packing pressure, and cooling time) which influence the shrinkage and tensile strength of rice husk (RH) reinforced low density polyethylene (LDPE) composites. Statistical results and analysis are used to provide better interpretation of the experiment. The models are form from analysis of variance (ANOVA) method and the model passed the tests for normality and independence assumptions.