Safa Senan Mahmod
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Safa Senan Mahmod
Official Name
Safa Senan, Mahmod
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Researcher ID
AAH-3270-2019

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Water reclamation from palm oil mill effluent (POME): Recent technologies, by-product recovery, and challenges

2023-04-01 , Safa Senan Mahmod , Takriff M.S. , AL-Rajabi M.M. , Abdul P.M. , Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny , Silvamany H. , Jahim J.M.

Water scarcity will continue to be a global challenge in the coming years as long as sustainable solutions remain far-fetched. It has become necessary to improve the efficiency of water circulation to reduce the net demand in high water consumption sectors such as agriculture. In palm oil industry, the extraction of crude palm oil from oil palm fruit bunch requires a large amount of water, half of which is discharged as palm oil mill effluent (POME) that is considered a high strength wastewater. The current trend of POME research focuses on moving from conventional open-ponding treatment to an integrated zero-discharge system for better effluent management. In this review, the attempts taken by researchers in laboratory and pilot scale were highlighted to achieve an effluent of high-quality water from POME that can be used as drinking water or recycled as boiler water in the palm oil production process. Membrane technology has recently emerged as one of the most promising separation techniques having a broad spectrum of applications including POME treatment. Furthermore, water reclamation technique involving evaporation can split POME solids and recover clean water in a more sustainable and space-saving manner. Additionally, recovery of by-product, such as biofertilizer and biofuels, is necessary to overcome the cost of the treatment. As a whole, in spite of several challenges, water reclamation from POME can be considered economically feasible system from techno-economic analysis perspective and it can feasibly shift the adopted industrial method from a linear take-use-discharge economy approach to a circular economy by keeping water in circulation.

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Investigation of the white-rot fungus biomass extraction conditions and their impact on phenolic, flavonoids content and antioxidant activities

2023-07 , Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny , Shahizatul Emilia Jahidin , Zulkarnain Mohamed Idris , Gidado Muhammad Junaid , Safa Senan Mahmod , Norhidayah Bohari

White-rot fungus are known as natural source of antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic, and other enzymes through extraction processes. In this study, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Panus tigrinus biomass were subjected into different extraction conditions to determine the best optimal level for the extraction of phenolic and flavonoids compounds. P. chrysosporium produced high yield of phenolic (0.7041 mg/mL) and flavonoids (0.0286 mg/mL) compared to P. tigrinus; 0.3755 mg/mL and 0.0109 mg/mL of phenolic and flavonoids compounds, respectively. P. chrysosporium has higher antioxidant activity (70.31%) compared with P. tigrinus (25.30%). Therefore, P. chrysosporium was selected to determine the optimum condition for extraction method of phenolic and flavonoids compounds using aquoues-two phase system. The conditions used in the extraction was time within the range of 30 min to 180 min and temperature range from 250°C to 650°C. The conditions were optimized using Response Surface Method (RSM) under Central Composite Design. The best optimum condition was 105 min and 450°C, this condition produced the highest concentrations of phenolic, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity (AA%) at 0.4269 mg/mL, 0.0695 mg/mL, and 76.13% respectively. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was used to determine the presence of phenolic and flavonoids in the sample. The Rf value from P. chrysosporium was 0.98 closed to the Rf values of gallic acid and 3,4-hydroxybenzoic acid at 0.95 and 0.97, respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy shows that P. chrysosporium have gallic acid, 3,4 hydroxybenzoic acid and small amount of quercetin.

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Investigation of the antimicrobial properties of temperature-sensitive hydrogel containing silver sulfadiazine against various bacterial strains

2025-01 , Maha Mohammad AL-Rajabi , Teow Yeit Haan , Safa Senan Mahmod , Khalil Abdelrazek Khalil

In burn wound management, infection poses a significant challenge, accounting for 75% of deaths in burn patients. Silver sulfadiazine is broadly used as an effective antibacterial agent for treating burns. Numerous researchers have explored various dosage forms of silver sulfadiazine, such as cream, ointment, topical spray, and hydrogel, for antimicrobial topical applications. Hydrogels offer appealing advantages over conventional drug delivery systems due to their sensitivity and responsiveness to stimuli, particularly temperature. Nevertheless, the comprehensive investigation of the antimicrobial properties of temperature-sensitive hydrogel containing silver sulfadiazine against different bacterial strains remains lacking. Thus, the main objective of the current study is to explore the antimicrobial properties of the temperature-sensitive hydrogel, incorporating silver sulfadiazine, against various bacterial strains colonized in burn wounds. To assess the antimicrobial activity of the temperature-sensitive hydrogel, inhibition zone diameters were measured against different types of Gram-positive strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, and Streptococcus pyogenes) and Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae). The synthesized silver sulfadiazine-loaded temperature-sensitive hydrogel exhibited remarkable antimicrobial efficacy against these bacteria. Notably, there was no significant difference in the inhibition zone diameter between the silver sulfadiazine-loaded temperature-sensitive hydrogel and the positive control (p>0.05). These findings affirm that the silver sulfadiazine-loaded temperature-sensitive hydrogel holds promise as a drug delivery medium, demonstrating excellent antimicrobial activity against various bacterial strains that colonized in burn wounds.

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Microalgae biomass: a multi-product biorefinery solution for sustainable energy, environmental remediation, and industrial symbiosis

2025-01 , Safa Senan Mahmod , Maha Mohammad AL-Rajabi , Peer Mohamed Abdul , Gongtao Ding , Kamrul Fakir Kamarudin , Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny , Jian Ping Tan , Mohd Sobri Takriff

The rapid expansion of industrialization and the depletion of non-renewable fossil fuel have urged the search for alternative and sustainable renewable resources to fulfil the escalating energy demand while reducing water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Microalgae have emerged as a promising and sustainable solution, capable of not only treating wastewater but also yielding valuable products. This study aimed to explore the primary applications of microalgae, including wastewater treatment and CO2 sequestration, while assessing the viability of utilizing the resultant microalgae biomass (MB) across diverse sectors such as liquid and gaseous biofuels, bioplastics, animal and aquatic feed, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, biofertilizers, and cosmetics production. Additionally, the study discusses the importance of assessing the environmental impacts of these applications through life cycle assessment (LCA) studies and elaborate the concept of a multi-products biorefinery system. To address the contemporary challenges of the bio-economy in simultaneously producing multiple high-value products, the biorefinery complexity index (BCI) was estimated to be 37, highlighting the need for further research to establish the practicability of a multi-products biorefinery system.

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Utilization of Seaweed (Gracilaria sp.) Liquid as Cost-Effective Macronutrients and Micronutrients for Bioethanol Production

2023 , Nur Zatul 'Iffah Zakaria , Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny , Mohd Irfan Hatim Mohamed Dzahir , Abdul Aziz Ahmad , Ku Syahidah Ku Ismail , Safa Senan Mahmod , Muhammad Javed , Namdar B.-Yazdi , Md Nabil Ab Adzim Saifuddin

Seaweed liquid waste from filter-squeezed drying process of Gracilaria sp. causes an unpleasant odour to the environment. Although this waste can partially be used as biofertilizer and heavy metals adsorbent, a bigger portion of the waste remains unutilized thus causing a problem to the environment. The present study aimed to utilize seaweed liquid waste as a supplement in fermentation media. To achieve this aim, Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a famous bioethanol producer was used to examine the ability of seaweed liquid to supply macronutrients and micronutrients in the media to produce ethanol. Interestingly, when used as a supplement in the fermentation media to produce ethanol, the liquid boosted ethanol production three folds from 200 mg/L of 2 % glucose alone to 600 mg/L of 2 % glucose in liquid. Additionally, the liquid was able to substitute yeast extract and peptone within YPD media to produce 647.48 mg/L ethanol as compared to only 542.39 mg/L with normal YPD which contains yeast extract and peptone. For that reason, the utilization of seaweed liquid as the supplement in the medium should be considered as an alternative cost-effective media for enhancing ethanol production without the addition of other nutrients.

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Investigation of the White-rot fungus biomass extraction conditions and their impact on Phenolic, Flavonoids content and antioxidant activities

2023-07 , Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny , Shahizatul Emilia Jahidin , Zulkarnain Mohamed Idris , Gidado Muhammad Junaidi , Safa Senan Mahmod , Norhidayah Bohari

White-rot fungus are known as natural source of antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic, and other enzymes through extraction processes. In this study, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Panus tigrinus biomass were subjected into different extraction conditions to determine the best optimal level for the extraction of phenolic and flavonoids compounds. P. chrysosporium produced high yield of phenolic (0.7041mg/mL) and flavonoids (0.0286mg/mL) compared toP. tigrinus;0.3755mg/mLand0.0109mg/mLof phenolic and flavonoids compounds,respectively.P. chrysosporium has higher antioxidant activity (70.31%) compared with P. tigrinus (25.30%). Therefore, P. chrysosporium was selected to determine the optimum condition for extraction method of phenolic and flavonoids compounds using aquoues-two phase system. The conditions used in the extraction was time within the range of 30min to 180min and temperature range from 250°C to 650°C. The conditions were optimized using Response Surface Method (RSM) under Central Composite Design. The best optimum condition was 105min and 450°C, this condition produced the highest concentrations of phenolic, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity (AA%) at 0.4269 mg/mL, 0.0695 mg/mL, and 76.13% respectively. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was used to determine the presence of phenolic and flavonoids in the sample. The Rfvalue from P. chrysosporium was 0.98 closed to the Rfvalues of gallic acid and 3,4-hydroxybenzoic acid at 0.95 and 0.97,respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy shows that P. chrysosporium have gallic acid, 3,4 hydroxybenzoic acid and small amount of quercetin.

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