Safa Senan Mahmod
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Safa Senan Mahmod
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Safa Senan, Mahmod
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Researcher ID
AAH-3270-2019

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  • Publication
    Investigation of the white-rot fungus biomass extraction conditions and their impact on phenolic, flavonoids content and antioxidant activities
    ( 2023-07)
    Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny
    ;
    Shahizatul Emilia Jahidin
    ;
    Zulkarnain Mohamed Idris
    ;
    Gidado Muhammad Junaid
    ;
    Safa Senan Mahmod
    ;
    Norhidayah Bohari
    White-rot fungus are known as natural source of antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic, and other enzymes through extraction processes. In this study, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Panus tigrinus biomass were subjected into different extraction conditions to determine the best optimal level for the extraction of phenolic and flavonoids compounds. P. chrysosporium produced high yield of phenolic (0.7041 mg/mL) and flavonoids (0.0286 mg/mL) compared to P. tigrinus; 0.3755 mg/mL and 0.0109 mg/mL of phenolic and flavonoids compounds, respectively. P. chrysosporium has higher antioxidant activity (70.31%) compared with P. tigrinus (25.30%). Therefore, P. chrysosporium was selected to determine the optimum condition for extraction method of phenolic and flavonoids compounds using aquoues-two phase system. The conditions used in the extraction was time within the range of 30 min to 180 min and temperature range from 250°C to 650°C. The conditions were optimized using Response Surface Method (RSM) under Central Composite Design. The best optimum condition was 105 min and 450°C, this condition produced the highest concentrations of phenolic, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity (AA%) at 0.4269 mg/mL, 0.0695 mg/mL, and 76.13% respectively. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was used to determine the presence of phenolic and flavonoids in the sample. The Rf value from P. chrysosporium was 0.98 closed to the Rf values of gallic acid and 3,4-hydroxybenzoic acid at 0.95 and 0.97, respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy shows that P. chrysosporium have gallic acid, 3,4 hydroxybenzoic acid and small amount of quercetin.
  • Publication
    Water reclamation from palm oil mill effluent (POME): Recent technologies, by-product recovery, and challenges
    ( 2023-04-01)
    Safa Senan Mahmod
    ;
    Takriff M.S.
    ;
    AL-Rajabi M.M.
    ;
    Abdul P.M.
    ;
    Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny
    ;
    Silvamany H.
    ;
    Jahim J.M.
    Water scarcity will continue to be a global challenge in the coming years as long as sustainable solutions remain far-fetched. It has become necessary to improve the efficiency of water circulation to reduce the net demand in high water consumption sectors such as agriculture. In palm oil industry, the extraction of crude palm oil from oil palm fruit bunch requires a large amount of water, half of which is discharged as palm oil mill effluent (POME) that is considered a high strength wastewater. The current trend of POME research focuses on moving from conventional open-ponding treatment to an integrated zero-discharge system for better effluent management. In this review, the attempts taken by researchers in laboratory and pilot scale were highlighted to achieve an effluent of high-quality water from POME that can be used as drinking water or recycled as boiler water in the palm oil production process. Membrane technology has recently emerged as one of the most promising separation techniques having a broad spectrum of applications including POME treatment. Furthermore, water reclamation technique involving evaporation can split POME solids and recover clean water in a more sustainable and space-saving manner. Additionally, recovery of by-product, such as biofertilizer and biofuels, is necessary to overcome the cost of the treatment. As a whole, in spite of several challenges, water reclamation from POME can be considered economically feasible system from techno-economic analysis perspective and it can feasibly shift the adopted industrial method from a linear take-use-discharge economy approach to a circular economy by keeping water in circulation.
  • Publication
    Investigation of the White-rot fungus biomass extraction conditions and their impact on Phenolic, Flavonoids content and antioxidant activities
    ( 2023-07)
    Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny
    ;
    Shahizatul Emilia Jahidin
    ;
    Zulkarnain Mohamed Idris
    ;
    Gidado Muhammad Junaidi
    ;
    Safa Senan Mahmod
    ;
    Norhidayah Bohari
    White-rot fungus are known as natural source of antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic, and other enzymes through extraction processes. In this study, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Panus tigrinus biomass were subjected into different extraction conditions to determine the best optimal level for the extraction of phenolic and flavonoids compounds. P. chrysosporium produced high yield of phenolic (0.7041mg/mL) and flavonoids (0.0286mg/mL) compared toP. tigrinus;0.3755mg/mLand0.0109mg/mLof phenolic and flavonoids compounds,respectively.P. chrysosporium has higher antioxidant activity (70.31%) compared with P. tigrinus (25.30%). Therefore, P. chrysosporium was selected to determine the optimum condition for extraction method of phenolic and flavonoids compounds using aquoues-two phase system. The conditions used in the extraction was time within the range of 30min to 180min and temperature range from 250°C to 650°C. The conditions were optimized using Response Surface Method (RSM) under Central Composite Design. The best optimum condition was 105min and 450°C, this condition produced the highest concentrations of phenolic, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity (AA%) at 0.4269 mg/mL, 0.0695 mg/mL, and 76.13% respectively. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was used to determine the presence of phenolic and flavonoids in the sample. The Rfvalue from P. chrysosporium was 0.98 closed to the Rfvalues of gallic acid and 3,4-hydroxybenzoic acid at 0.95 and 0.97,respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy shows that P. chrysosporium have gallic acid, 3,4 hydroxybenzoic acid and small amount of quercetin.
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