Razi Ahmad
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Preferred name
Razi Ahmad
Official Name
Razi, Ahmad
Alternative Name
Ahmad, Razi
Ahmad, R. B.
Ahmad, R.
Ahmad, R. Badlishah
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
54419444500
Researcher ID
B-9254-2012

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Investigation on effect of gas concentration in distinguishing conventional plastic and bioplastic for plastic recycling

2022-12 , Ragunathan Al Santiagoo , Allan Melvin Andrew , Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad , Razi Ahmad , Syakirah Afiza Mohammed , Abdul Ghapar Ahmad , Vikneswaran Vijean , Mustaffa Zainal

Distinguishing type of plastic was important for the recycling process. In this project, the effect on gas concentration released from composite was studied to distinguish between conventional plastic and bioplastic. This project involved the fabrication of a composite from polypropylene (PP), empty fruit bunches (EFB), and recycle acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr), with PP used as a conventional plastic and PP/NBRr/EFB used as a bioplastic. Trans-polyctylene (TOR) was used as a compatibilizer to evaluate the effect on the PP/NBRr/EFB. Tensile testing and SEM were conducted to study the mechanical properties and morphological properties on the PP/NBRr/EFB and the PP/NBRr/EFB/TOR composite. The gas sensor (MQ135) was used in this study to detect the presence of NH3 and CO2 released from heating conventional plastic and bioplastic. From the overall result, composite with TOR as compatibilizer has shown better performance than composite without TOR in mechanical, morphological and gas sensor testing. By using MATLAB software, it shows that from gas sensor testing, it can be verified to distinguish between conventional plastic and bioplastics for plastic recycling. The average classification obtained from the Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) was 99.29 % accurate.

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Kinetic and isotherm studies of empty fruit bunch biochar on ammonium adsorption

2021-02-23 , Razi Ahmad , Khairunissa Syairah Ahmad Sohaimi , Mohamed A.R. , Siti Nazrah Zailani , Salleh N.H.M. , Azizan N.H.

The presence of excessive ammonium in wastewater due to agriculture and other industrial activities affects the aquatic plants, animals and human health. Common wastewater practice offers high cost and maintenance as well as low performance. The adsorption technique offers an efficient, economically favourable and reliable physicochemical treatment method. Despite the efficiency, the studies on Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) biochar as an adsorbent for ammonium removal is under discovered. The conducted study described the characterization of EFB biochar together with its kinetic and isotherm studies for ammonium removal. EFB underwent conventional pretreatment using fixed bed reactor at temperature of 350, 450,550 and 650 °C for 60 min of holding time prior for characterization and kinetic studies. For characterization studies, moisture, ash and pH anlysis were performed before proceed with adsorption and kinetic studies. It was found that the increment of temperature resulted in high content of ash and low content of moisture while optimum pH was in the range of pH 7. The optimum condition for ammonium adsorption was 2.5 ppm of EFB, 0.05g of ammonia dosage and time exposure of 200 minutes. The ammonium adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model which suggests that the ammonium adsorption process is controlled by the chemical adsorption mechanism. The finding suggests the utilization of EFB biochar as a good alternative for ammonium removal through adsorption process while increasing the biomass value.

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Early Detection of Diabetic Foot Ulcers through Wearable Shoe Design

2022-01-01 , Vikneswaran Vijean , Syakirah Afiza Mohammed , Razi Ahmad , Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad , Ragunathan Al Santiagoo , Abdul Ghapar Ahmad , Palaniappan R.

Diabetes Mellitus is categorized as a chronic metabolic disease where blood glucose levels are abnormal. Diabetic foot ulcer is a complication often associated with this disease. Diabetes foot ulcer is also commonly known as diabetes foot pain. It is a type of foot damage medical condition that progresses from diabetes mellitus. According to scientific data, almost 15% of diabetes patients may develop diabetes foot ulcer in their lifetime [1]. A foot ulcer is an open wound that commonly found under the feet, it can be a shallow open wound on the surface of the skin (less severe) or it can be a deep wound which exposes bones, tendons and joints [2]. However, if early prevention is carried out, diabetes patients might be able to avoid problems from diabetes foot ulcer. Thus, in this study, a wearable shoe prototype for early detection of foot ulcers is proposed to be used in home. The developed device will be associated with temperature sensor, vibration motor and pressure sensor. This device enables diabetes patients to carry out evaluation on their foot in daily life. With this device, early symptoms of foot ulcer can be detected and the seriousness of foot ulcer can be monitored.

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Oil palm waste-derived reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for dynamic adsorption of dye in a fixed-bed system

2024-01-01 , Mohd Ali Jinnah S.N.H. , Umi Fazara Md Ali , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath , Naimah Ibrahim , Razi Ahmad , Mohamed Zuki F.

This study focuses on investigating the dynamic adsorption of Rhodamine B (RhB) from reduced graphene oxide (rGO) derived from oil palm waste. The synthesis of rGO from palm kernel shell (PKS) was achieved through double oxidation and carbonization method, resulting in a yield of 73.5 wt%. The reduction of oxygen-containing functionalities process using PKS was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy, microscopic evaluation, and X-ray diffraction analyses. Laboratory-scale fixed-bed experiments were conducted with various process parameters. Both PKS and rGO were used as adsorbents, and a comparison was made based on breakthrough curve analysis, adsorption capacity and percentage removal of dye. The adsorption kinetics of RhB on PKS and rGO were best described by the non-linear Yoon-Nelson model, with a high adsorption capacity of 88.32 mg/g and 195.24 mg/g respectively. Using both PKS and rGO, the maximum adsorption capacity was observed when using 10 cm bed depth column, inlet dye concentration of 5 mg/L, flow rate of 12 mL/min and pH of 7. PKS exhibited good dye removal with an efficiency of 66.54%. Meanwhile, the exothermic behavior highlighted the potential of utilizing rGO for maximum dye removal, achieving an efficiency of 90.35%. This study justifies rGO as a cost-effective superior dye removal adsorbent, providing new prospect for large-scale dye removal.

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Influence of Torrefaction on Sewage Sludge

2023-01-01 , Razi Ahmad , Abdul Ghapar Ahmad , Mohammed S.A. , Wan Ahmad W.A.M. , Vikneswaran Vijean , Ragunathan Al Santiagoo , Ibrahim N.R. , Udin N.

Sewage sludge (SS) from sewage treatment plants has been seen as a waste for decades and little attention to investigate the potential and its beneficial product. SS contain a large amount of recoverable energy; however, it has high moisture, ash, heavy metals, and organic contents. Thus, the goal of this research is to use torrefaction to produce upgraded or torrefied SS. The proximate and ultimate analysis was used to determine the physical and chemical characteristic of raw SS. Torrefaction was performed through inert atmosphere in fixed bed reactor. According to the findings, at torrefaction temperature of 300 °C, torrefaction had improved the quality of raw SS, increasing its fixed carbon content by 47.8%, and its moisture content by 61.3%. The optimum temperature for torrefaction was at 300 ℃ with holding time of 60 minutes. This study improved the quality of sewage sludge to be utilised in subsequent thermochemical conversion.

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Investigation on Medicated Drugs in ECG of Healthy Subjects

2022-01-01 , Vikneswaran Vijean , Abdul Ghapar Ahmad , Syakirah Afiza Mohammed , Razi Ahmad , Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad , Ragunathan Al Santiagoo , Lim Chee Chin

Heart diseases are now the leading cause of death worldwide, it is estimated that around 7 million patients who are living in developed countries, lost their lives due to diseases related to their cardiovascular system. In Malaysia, cardiovascular diseases represents one fifth of total deaths in the country in the past three decades. Currently patients need some sort of drugs that help them to stabilize and restore the regular patterns of their heart beat because if the patients cannot manage to restore the normal heart beat pattern, the undesired heart condition could lead life threatening situations. Advancement of biotechnology has enabled the creation of new medicated drugs to provide better treatment options. However, when this treatment option fails and there is a need to provide emergency intervention to the patients in hospitals, the medical experts often need to know about the patients' intake of any medications prior to hospital admittance for providing suitable treatments. Sometimes, this would be a difficult task as the patient might be admitted in semi-conscious or unconscious state. Therefore, this study focusses on identification of different medicated drugs usage through analysis of ECG data of the users. The data for the experiment was obtained from physionet library, which provides ECG data of subjects administered with a combination of Dofetilide, Mexiletine, lidocaine, Moxifloxacin and Diltiazem medicated drugs. The use of morphological and non-linear features derived from the ECG signals were able to provide prediction accuracy of 77.26% using SVM classifier.

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Bio-Char And Bio-Oil Production From Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell And Polyethylene

2023-01-01 , Ibrahim N.R. , Razi Ahmad , Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad , Vikneswaran Vijean , Ragunathan Al Santiagoo , Syakirah Afiza Mohammed , Khalid A.F. , Ani A.Y.

In recent years, palm kernel shell (PKS) has become a viable feedstock for making biofuels and value-added commodities using a variety of thermal conversion routes. Therefore, significant conservation is required for PKS as a resource for fuel production in biofuel facilities. Thus, this research was intended to elucidate the effects on PKS as a solid fuel through torrefaction and the production of bio-char and bio-oil by single and co-pyrolysis of PKS and polyethylene (PE). The PKS was treated through torrefaction at different temperatures and holding times. The optimum parameters for torrefaction were a temperature of 250 oC and a holding time of 60 min. Then the PKS and PE were pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed reactor at different temperatures and ratios. The product yield was analysed for single and co-pyrolysis of PKS and PE for pyrolysis. The properties of the product composition for single and co-pyrolysis of the PKS and PE were determined by proximate analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The optimum parameter obtained for biochar and bio-oil production from co-pyrolysis of PKS and PE was at temperature of 500 oC at a ratio of 1:2 (PKS: PE). The ester and phenol compounds were increased around 19.02 to 23.18% and 32.51 to 34.80 %, respectively, while amide and amine decreased around 4.94 to 18.87% and 0.63 to 32.39 %, respectively, compared to the single pyrolysis of PKS. Therefore, the PKS and PE co-pyrolysis significantly increased the amount of phenol and ester compounds while slightly reducing the amount of amide and amine compounds in the bio-oil product. As a conclusion, biomass conservation enables the manufacturing of value-added chemicals.

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Adsorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) by activated carbon derived from waste coffee grounds

2021-05-24 , Lim H.K. , Umi Fazara Md Ali , Razi Ahmad , Aroua M.K.

Currently, three are several agricultural bio-based materials have been successfully utilized as gas adsorbents. In this study, waste coffee grounds (WCGs) have been selected as a potential precursor of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) adsorbents. The preparation parameters for activated carbon derived from WCGs were optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimized preparation parameters were found to be 1:3.67 impregnation ratio of acid, 533oC of carbonization temperature and 1.13 hours of activation time, which resulted in 23.6 wt% of yield. The physical and chemical characteristics of WCGAC in terms of surface morphology, carbon content, ash content and yield were also investigated. The CO2 breakthrough time using WCGAC were carried out at the temperatures of 30, 40, and 60°C. It was found that WCGAC shows a longer CO2 breakthrough times (5 mins) and a higher adsorption capacity (4.33 mg CO2/g adsorbent) at 30oC.

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Optimum Binder Content of Asphaltic Concrete (ACW14) Mixture Incorporating Limestone

2023-01-01 , Syakirah Afiza Mohammed , Abdul Ghapar Ahmad , Ragunathan Al Santiagoo , Vikneswaran Vijean , Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad , Razi Ahmad , Kai L.S.

Due to the high demand for natural aggregates in pavement construction, researchers have been looking for alternative materials to replace natural aggregate. In this research, the optimum binder content of asphalt mixture incorporate limestones was investigated. The optimum binder content of asphalt mixture was tested according to Marshall method. About 20 % of limestone was used as aggregate replacement in asphaltic concrete mixture. To determine the stability, volumetric properties, and bitumen binder content, three percentage of asphalt binder content, namely 4.0%, 5.0% and 6.0% was prepared. From analysis, it indicated that stability and volumetric properties of asphalt mixture incorporate limestone meet the requirement set by JKR. From the result obtained, the optimum binder content of the control sample is 5.0% and optimum binder content of limestone mixture is 5.2%. The slightly different in optimum binder content value indicate that the optimum binder content of limestone mixture was comparable with control mixture.

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Predictive Maintenance System Design for Infant Intensive Phototherapy Lamp

2022-01-01 , Vikneswaran Vijean , Razi Ahmad , Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad , Ragunathan Al Santiagoo , Abdul Ghapar Ahmad , Syakirah Afiza Mohammed

Planned-Preventive maintenance (PPM) is an essential part of clinical engineering to ensure correct functionality of the medial equipment. PPM involves the extension of equipment's life and reducing failure by performing selective substitution of its components in contrast to the "fix it when it fails"concept. However, this strategy often leads to un-necessary downtime and increased costs, especially in hospital environment. Therefore, a maintenance system for predictive preventive maintenance that can monitor the usage of medical equipment is much preferred option. In this regards, a predictive maintenance system design is proposed that focuses on the LED Infant Intensive Phototherapy Lamp. In order to improve the weakness arise from the schedule Planned-Preventive Maintenance (PPM), the predictive maintenance system will be real time performance based in which the performance of the LED Infant Intensive Phototherapy Lamp will be monitored. The purpose of this monitoring system is to ensure that the light intensity, which is measured in irradiance level, can be delivered in sufficient amount for the baby with jaundice. In order to monitor the performances of LED infant intensive phototherapy lamp, a cloud based webpage has been implemented for real time monitoring of LED infant intensive phototherapy lamp which can be accessed by authorized personals.

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