Nurhadijah Zainalabidin
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Preferred name
Nurhadijah Zainalabidin
Official Name
Nurhadijah, Zainalabidin
Alternative Name
Zainalabidin, Nurhadijah
Zainalabidin, N.
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
56189016800
Researcher ID
EIT-8815-2022

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  • Publication
    Preparation and evaluation of biocontrol agent: its impact on growth of golden apple snail, Pomacea Canaliculata
    ( 2018)
    Nurhadijah Zainalabidin
    Golden apple snail or scientifically known as Pomacea canaliculata is a worst threat to paddy farming in most of the country including Malaysia. The novelty of this research is production of green biopesticide based on microbial by-products against P. canaliculata. To achieve this, microorganism was isolated, screened, characterized and molecularly identified. Based on this experiment, two isolated fungi known as T. stipitatus and A. awamori was used. The toxicity of the fungi filtrates was studied by analyzing the mortality of the snails with results of LC50 for A. awamori is 45% and 47% while the LC50 for T. stipitatus is 49% and 54% for non-autoclaved and autoclaved filtrates respectively. In pathogenicity test, A. awamori is specifically pathogenic to P. canaliculata where at 3.85 x 108 spores/mL, about 37% snail’s mortality recorded compared to no dead snails at 3.8 x 108 spores/mL of T. stipitatus. The protein, protease, glucose, alkaline phosphatase, catalase and glutathione changes inside the snail’s body was evaluated. Protein level in normal snail is 2.24 mg/mL but changes to 1.46 mg/mL and 2.40 mg/mL when exposed to non-autoclaved and autoclaved A. awamori filtrates. Larger increased observed in the alkaline phosphatase activity from 0.01 units/mL in control snails to 0.11 units/mL and 0.14 units/ml when exposed to non-autoclaved and autoclaved filtrates. Increased in the filtrates concentration brings an increase in energy demand for detoxification of the filtrates. Higher demand for energy consumption cause increase in protein, protease activity, alkaline phosphatase activity and glucose. Toxic stresses cause by the filtrates stimulates increased production of hydrogen peroxide, where catalase activity elevated to convert them into water and oxygen in order to maintain the balance inside the body. This stress also caused changes in the snail’s behavior. Normal snail shows active movement of foot, tentacles and response against stimuli. However, when exposed to filtrates, the snails become inactive. Survival analysis shows the efficiency of A. awamori filtrates suppress the snails survival with no survival was observed after three weeks of exposure even at lowest sub-lethal concentration. The compound that responsible as molluscicidal agent was analyzed using HPLC and LC MS/MS showing the presence of erythritol and piperazine, both are active agent in insecticide.
  • Publication
    Bioconversion of organic wastes by Black Soldier Fly for chitin, lipid and protein production
    ( 2023-07)
    Muhammad Hazim Aminuddin
    ;
    Nor Hidawati Elias
    ;
    Moh Jin Hao
    ;
    Nurhadijah Zainalabidin
    The bioconversion of organic waste into black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, which is a valuable source of lipid, and protein, is part on an ongoing creative effort in valorising waste. Besides lipid and protein, BSF larvae also contain significant amounts of chitin, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine that make up the backbone of the polysaccharide structure normally found in insects. In this study, the effects of organic waste type and moisture content on biomass conversion ratio were investigated. BSF larval development (larvae to prepupae to pupae) was found to occur to the highest extent (98.90 ± 0.71 % biomass converted) when kitchen waste (KW) was used compared to when vegetables waste (VW) (84.6 ± 1.41 % biomass converted) or fruit waste (FW) was used (87.5± 0.71 % biomass converted). The optimal moisture content of the kitchen waste was found to be 80 %, which results in the highest waste biomass conversion of 99.8 % ± 0.58. The BSF larvae were found to have approximately 38 –42 % crude lipid, 34 –41 % crude protein, and 8 –9 % ash content. Chitin was isolated through a three-step process of deproteinization, demineralization, and decolorization. A yellowish-grey powder was obtained at the end of the isolation process and the chitin yield was determined to be 4 –6% (g/g). Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) analyses confirmedthe chitin yield by identifying the -OH,-CH3CONH, and -CO stretching of its polysaccharides and glucosamine rings; and the lipid yield by noting the disappearance of the hydroxyl stretching that had been present in the spectra of unprocessed BSF larvae, and the appearance of X–H stretching which indicates the presence of triglyceride functional groups
  • Publication
    CHARACTERISATION OF POMACEA CANALICULATA EGGS TREATED WITH PROTEASE
    ( 2024-01-01)
    Noor Hasyierah Mohd Salleh
    ;
    Nurhadijah Zainalabidin
    ;
    Siti Noor Hajjar Md Latip
    Pomacea canaliculata is a type of freshwater snail that has become a major pest in paddy fields, as it feeds on young paddy leaves and stems, thus, posing a serious threat to paddy production. It was named one of the world’s top 100 worst invasive species, with serious consequences for the environment, human health, and the social economy. Their hatchability rate is high, which explains their global distribution worldwide. Therefore, it is vital to manage their hatchability to prevent their population from expanding further by understanding the protection that permits the eggs to survive. P. canaliculata eggs are covered with a thin layer of cuticle that is rich in protein to protect the embryo during the hatching process. The biological treatment with protease enzyme successfully hydrolysed the protein cuticle layer, lowering the percentage of hatchability. Disruption of the protein cuticle may have an impact on conductivity, water loss, hatching time, protein content, and other factors. However, documentation of the protease effect on the protein cuticle is scarce. Therefore, the goal of this study is to evaluate the protease treatment on the protein cuticle of P. canaliculata eggs physically (conductivity, water loss, and morphological analysis) and chemically (cuticle protein content, protein breakdown, and amino acid profile). Physical characterisation revealed that protease-treated eggs have higher conductivity and water loss than the control egg. Images taken with a light microscope (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed changes in cuticle structure, which explained the protease-induced cuticle hydrolysis. Chemical characterisation revealed a decrease in cuticle protein content, hydrolysis of protein to a small size, and changes in amino acid composition. The physical and chemical analyses strongly suggested that protease can damage the cuticle protein, thus, preventing the eggs from hatching.
  • Publication
    Bioconversion of organic wastes by black soldier fly for chitin, lipid and protein production
    ( 2023-07)
    Muhammad Hazim Aminuddin
    ;
    Nor Hidawati Elias
    ;
    Moh Jin Hao
    ;
    Nurhadijah Zainalabidin
    The bioconversion of organic waste into black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, which is a valuable source of lipid, and protein, is part on an ongoing creative effort in valorising waste. Besides lipid and protein, BSF larvae also contain significant amounts of chitin, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine that make up the backbone of the polysaccharide structure normally found in insects. In this study, the effects of organic waste type and moisture content on biomass conversion ratio were investigated. BSF larval development (larvae to prepupae to pupae) was found to occur to the highest extent (98.90 ± 0.71 % biomass converted) when kitchen waste (KW) was used compared to when vegetables waste (VW) (84.6 ± 1.41 % biomass converted) or fruit waste (FW) was used (87.5± 0.71 % biomass converted). The optimal moisture content of the kitchen waste was found to be 80 %, which results in the highest waste biomass conversion of 99.8 % ± 0.58. The BSF larvae were found to have approximately 38 – 42 % crude lipid, 34 – 41 % crude protein, and 8 – 9 % ash content. Chitin was isolated through a three-step process of deproteinization, demineralization, and decolorization. A yellowish-grey powder was obtained at the end of the isolation process and the chitin yield was determined to be 4 – 6% (g/g). Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) analyses confirmed the chitin yield by identifying the -OH, - CH3CONH, and -CO stretching of its polysaccharides and glucosamine rings; and the lipid yield by noting the disappearance of the hydroxyl stretching that had been present in the spectra of unprocessed BSF larvae, and the appearance of X–H stretching which indicates the presence of triglyceride functional groups.
  • Publication
    Insecticidal activity of Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix) against Rice Weevil (Sitophylus oryzae)
    ( 2024-03)
    Adila Fazliyana Aili Hamzah
    ;
    Nurhadijah Zainalabidin
    ;
    Nor Hidawati Elias
    The aim of this study is to analyze the potential use of kaffir lime leaves and peel extract as bioinsecticides against rice weevils. The assessment of bioinsecticidal activity was studied through contact activity, repellency, antifeedant, and progeny and growth development tests. Contact activity tests resulted in increased adult mortality with increased extract concentrations from 10 to 50 mg/L after 24 hours. The leaf extract (LC50=18 mg/L) showed a higher mortality rate compared to fruit peel extracts (LC50=54 mg/L), with 100 % and 60 % mortality, respectively. The leaf extracts with a mean repellency of 68 % significantly repelled rice weevils compared to the 42 % repellency of fruit peel extracts. The leaf extract was classified in repellency class IV, while the peel extract was in repellency class II. With the use of Kaffir lime leaf extracts, F1 adults were completely suppressed at 20 mg/L concentration of leaf extract with a 100 % inhibition rate.
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