Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
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Preferred name
Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
Official Name
Ragunathan, Al Santiagoo
Alternative Name
Ragunathan, Santiagoo
Ragunathan, S.
Santiagoo, R.
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
36619090500
Researcher ID
AGS-2453-2022

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  • Publication
    Characterization and Properties of PP/NBRv/Kenaf Fibre Composites with Silane Treatment
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Nik Zainab Nik Azizan
    ;
    Allan Melvin Andrew
    ;
    Faridah W.
    ;
    Amirah A.S.N.
    ;
    Tan W.H.
    ;
    Othman N.S.
    The effect of kenaf fibre content and the silane treatment of PP/NBRv/kenaf composites were studied and fabricated via melt mixing at 180 ËšC for 9 min using 15 rpm motor speed. By using silane as a coupling agent for PP/NBRv/kenaf fibre composite, the mechanical and morphological properties have been improved compared to PP/NBRv/kenaf fibre composite without silane treatment. The composites were examined by using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) for tensile testing and Scanning Electron Microspcope (SEM) for morphological study. The tensile strentgh of PP/NBRv/kenaf with and without silane treatment decreased with increasing amount of kenaf filler content but increased in the Young’s Modulus. However, composites with silane treatment indicated better strength values than the composites without silane treatment. The morphology observations of composites have supported the tensile properties which indicated better interaction between the filler and matrix for treated composites.
  • Publication
    Early Detection of Diabetic Foot Ulcers through Wearable Shoe Design
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Vikneswaran Vijean
    ;
    Syakirah Afiza Mohammed
    ;
    Razi Ahmad
    ;
    Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Abdul Ghapar Ahmad
    ;
    Palaniappan R.
    Diabetes Mellitus is categorized as a chronic metabolic disease where blood glucose levels are abnormal. Diabetic foot ulcer is a complication often associated with this disease. Diabetes foot ulcer is also commonly known as diabetes foot pain. It is a type of foot damage medical condition that progresses from diabetes mellitus. According to scientific data, almost 15% of diabetes patients may develop diabetes foot ulcer in their lifetime [1]. A foot ulcer is an open wound that commonly found under the feet, it can be a shallow open wound on the surface of the skin (less severe) or it can be a deep wound which exposes bones, tendons and joints [2]. However, if early prevention is carried out, diabetes patients might be able to avoid problems from diabetes foot ulcer. Thus, in this study, a wearable shoe prototype for early detection of foot ulcers is proposed to be used in home. The developed device will be associated with temperature sensor, vibration motor and pressure sensor. This device enables diabetes patients to carry out evaluation on their foot in daily life. With this device, early symptoms of foot ulcer can be detected and the seriousness of foot ulcer can be monitored.
  • Publication
    Characterization and Properties of PP/NBRr/Kenaf Composites with PPMAH Compatibilizer
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Faridah Wahab
    ;
    Tan Wei Hong
    ;
    Amirah A.S.N.
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Nik Zainab Nik Azizan
    ;
    Allan Melvin Andrew
    ;
    Farhana A.
    The incompatibility between the hydrophilic natural fiber and the hydrophobic polymer matrix results in lower mechanical properties of composites as compared to the virgin materials. Thus, the effect of maleic anhydrate modified polypropylene (PPMAH) on the tensile and the morphological properties of the composite polypropylene (PP)/recycled acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBRr)/ Kenaf Fiber composite was investigated. The composite was fabricated by melt mixed the PP with the PPMAH compatibilizer, NBRr and kenaf fiber by using the heated two roll mill at temperature 180 ºC for 9 min at 15 rpm motor speed. Then, it was molded into 1 mm sheet through the hot press and cut into a dumbbell shape. The ratio of NBRr loading in PP was varied from 0 up to 60 phr while kenaf filler and PPMAH remain constant at 15 phr and 4 phr respectively. The tensile properties were determined by using a universal tensile machine (UTM) and the morphology of the specimens was analyzed by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). As the NBRr loading increased from 0 to 60 phr in the composite, the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity were decreased from 15.5 MPa to 4.4 MPa and 1.2 GPa to 0.4 GPa respectively. Meanwhile, as the rubbery content of NBRr increased, the elongation at break was also increased by 2.2%. The composite with PPMAH compatibilizer indicates an improvement in tensile strength and modulus of elasticity with increment by 15– 69% and 14–73% respectively but decreased in elongation at break by 13–30%. The morphology study shows that the composite with PPMAH compatibilizer having better attachment between the filler and matrix which results in higher tensile strength then non-compatibilized composite.
  • Publication
    Thermal and mechanical properties of chemical modification on sugarcane bagasse mixed with polypropylene and recycle acrylonitrile butadiene rubber composite
    ( 2020-11-01)
    Zainal M.
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Ayob A.
    ;
    Ghani A.A.
    ;
    Wan Azani Wan Mustafa
    ;
    Othman N.S.
    The goal of this research is to investigate the thermal, chemical, and tensile properties of chemical modification of sugarcane bagasse (SCB)-filled polypropylene (PP) and recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr). The composites with different SCB loading (5, 15, and 30 per hundred resin) were prepared using a heated two-roll mill at temperature of 180°C.Thermal and the tensile properties of the modified SCB composite have shown improvement. The silane-treated composites have higher thermal stability compared to treated NaOH. The degradation temperature at 70% weight (T70%) of NaOH and silane composite increase by 6% and 15%, respectively. Meanwhile, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus for the both treatment showed an improvement of 20% and 25% for NaOH and 30% and 32% for silane compared to untreated composites, respectively. The chemical properties were investigated using Fourier transform infrared analysis. The modification SCB fiber has improved the adhesion and interfacial bonding between SCB fiber and PP/NBRr matrices.
  • Publication
    Fabrication and Mechanical Testing of Blended PVOH/Kenaf Reinforced Starch Composite for Future Packaging Application
    ( 2021-01-01)
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Nik Zainab Nik Azizan
    ;
    Allan Melvin Andrew
    ;
    Faridah W.
    ;
    Tan W.H.
    ;
    Amirah A.S.N.
    ;
    Othman N.S.
    The mechanical and morphological properties of PVOH/kenaf fibre thin film was studied. The additive used on this research was tapioca starch. Thin films were fabricated using method of solution casting. The thin films composites with different kenaf fibre loadings (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 wt%) were mixed at a temperature of 80 Â°C with water bath for 1 h and casted on petri dish and let them oven dried at 50 Â°C for 24 h. The purpose of the current research was to determine the mechanical and morphological properties of PVOH/KF thin film composites with and without addition of starch. The results of this investigation show that the thin film with addition of 5 wt% of tapioca starch has better tensile strength, which is 35.15 MPa, compare to without tapioca starch, which is 29 MPa. The second major finding was that the morphological observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) reveals improvement of adhesion between kenaf fibre with PVOH matric as addition of tapioca starch.
  • Publication
    Development of smart GPS-based nurse following robot
    ( 2021-07-21)
    Allan Melvin Andrew
    ;
    Faridah Wahab
    ;
    Tan Wei Hong
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Amirah A.S.N.
    ;
    Nik Zainab Nik Azizan
    ;
    Yi T.P.
    Hospital nurses regularly bring their medicines and healthcare items to the patients using trolley. They need to push or pull the cart to the patient's beds, and then, need to bring it back to the original position many times daily. It can be tiresome for nurses because in a day, they need to treat many patients in the hospital. Thus, many devices have been invented to assist the nurses in their daily work routines. This research is focusing on developing a nurse following mobile robot that follows and carries medical items. The mobile robot is integrated with microcontroller, Global Positioning System (GPS) module, digital compass module and Bluetooth module. To use the robot, the nurse firstly needs to connect her smartphone to the robot through Bluetooth connection. Once the connection is established, the robot will start to follow the nurse. The robot can carry a maximum load of 5 kg and uses two direct current geared motors and a caster wheel to move.
  • Publication
    The use of media filters in treatment of runoff pollution
    ( 2021-02-23)
    Amirah A.S.N.
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Nik Zainab Nik Azizan
    ;
    Allan Melvin Andrew
    ;
    Faridah Wahab
    ;
    Tan Wei Hong
    ;
    Salwa Mohd Zaini Makhtar
    The study will examine the ability of recycled aggregates and sand to classify wastewater in a manner that decreases the level of environmental pollution. The sample was taken from Kg Wang Ulu, Perlis agricultural district, Jejawi, Perlis industrial area and Taman Desa Katong, Perlis residential area. Water quality research has been investigated to find the characteristics of effluent such as suspended solids, BOD, COD and TSS. Three rainfall intensity values, of 5 LPM as low rainfall, 12.5 LPM as mean precipitation intensity, and 22.5 LPM as high-cut rainfall consisted of recycled aggregate and high-absorptive sand as drainage beds, were included in this operating system. Experimental findings indicate that the recycling of aggregates and sand filters has a positive effect on water in industrial and residential areas. It shows that the use of recycled aggregates as a drainage bed can increase the permeability of the region by reducing erosion, preventing flooding and promoting natural infiltration.
  • Publication
    Investigation on Medicated Drugs in ECG of Healthy Subjects
    ( 2022-01-01)
    Vikneswaran Vijean
    ;
    Abdul Ghapar Ahmad
    ;
    Syakirah Afiza Mohammed
    ;
    Razi Ahmad
    ;
    Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Lim Chee Chin
    Heart diseases are now the leading cause of death worldwide, it is estimated that around 7 million patients who are living in developed countries, lost their lives due to diseases related to their cardiovascular system. In Malaysia, cardiovascular diseases represents one fifth of total deaths in the country in the past three decades. Currently patients need some sort of drugs that help them to stabilize and restore the regular patterns of their heart beat because if the patients cannot manage to restore the normal heart beat pattern, the undesired heart condition could lead life threatening situations. Advancement of biotechnology has enabled the creation of new medicated drugs to provide better treatment options. However, when this treatment option fails and there is a need to provide emergency intervention to the patients in hospitals, the medical experts often need to know about the patients' intake of any medications prior to hospital admittance for providing suitable treatments. Sometimes, this would be a difficult task as the patient might be admitted in semi-conscious or unconscious state. Therefore, this study focusses on identification of different medicated drugs usage through analysis of ECG data of the users. The data for the experiment was obtained from physionet library, which provides ECG data of subjects administered with a combination of Dofetilide, Mexiletine, lidocaine, Moxifloxacin and Diltiazem medicated drugs. The use of morphological and non-linear features derived from the ECG signals were able to provide prediction accuracy of 77.26% using SVM classifier.
  • Publication
    Optimum Binder Content of Asphaltic Concrete (ACW14) Mixture Incorporating Limestone
    ( 2023-01-01)
    Syakirah Afiza Mohammed
    ;
    Abdul Ghapar Ahmad
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Vikneswaran Vijean
    ;
    Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad
    ;
    Razi Ahmad
    ;
    Kai L.S.
    Due to the high demand for natural aggregates in pavement construction, researchers have been looking for alternative materials to replace natural aggregate. In this research, the optimum binder content of asphalt mixture incorporate limestones was investigated. The optimum binder content of asphalt mixture was tested according to Marshall method. About 20 % of limestone was used as aggregate replacement in asphaltic concrete mixture. To determine the stability, volumetric properties, and bitumen binder content, three percentage of asphalt binder content, namely 4.0%, 5.0% and 6.0% was prepared. From analysis, it indicated that stability and volumetric properties of asphalt mixture incorporate limestone meet the requirement set by JKR. From the result obtained, the optimum binder content of the control sample is 5.0% and optimum binder content of limestone mixture is 5.2%. The slightly different in optimum binder content value indicate that the optimum binder content of limestone mixture was comparable with control mixture.
  • Publication
    Compatibilizers Effect on Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber with Polypropylene and Sugarcane Bagasse Composite for Mechanical Properties
    ( 2023-10-16)
    Zainal M.
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Razi Ahmad
    ;
    Mohammed S.A.
    ;
    Abdul Ghapar Ahmad
    ;
    Vikneswaran Vijean
    ;
    Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad
    ;
    Allan Melvin Andrew
    Compatibilizers effect on recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr) with polypropylene (PP) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) composite for mechanical properties is evaluated. Trans-Polyoctylene Rubber (TOR) and Bisphenol a Diglycidyl Ether (DGEBA) are used as compatibilizers in this study. Three (3) different composites (80/20/15, 60/40/15, and 40/60/15), with fixed filler (15 phr) and compatibilizers (10 phr) content, were carried out. These composites were arranged via melt mixing technique utilizing a heated two-roll mill at a temperature of 180 C for 9 minutes employing a 15-rpm rotor speed. Tensile and morphological properties were evaluated. The result shown average tensile strength dropped by 48.50% as the recycle NBR content rises 20 phr. Nevertheless, subsequent compatibilization reveals that the compositesâ tensile properties were all greater than control composites. The morphology discovered validates the tensile properties, indicating a stronger interaction between the PP/SCB and recycle NBR composites with the addition of compatibilizer DGEBA.