Nor Amalina Muhayudin
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Nor Amalina Muhayudin
Official Name
Nor Amalina, Muhayudin
Alternative Name
Muhayudin, Nor Amalina
Main Affiliation
Researcher ID
FQJ-2893-2022

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  • Publication
    Development of synthetic spine for biomechanical research: An overview
    ( 2021-10-25)
    Nor Amalina Muhayudin
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Haniza Yazid
    ;
    Ahmad Faizal Salleh
    Human and animal cadaveric spines are the most common specimens used in biomechanical investigations. However, biological cadaveric spines come with a lot of disadvantages, which resulted in questionable reliability of the data obtained. This motivated the authors to look at the development of a working synthetic spine in motion segments because synthetic materials have been used widely to replace the cadaveric specimens especially for bone testing. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current development of a working synthetic spine and why it is crucial to consider synthetic spine as another alternative specimens to replace human and animal cadaveric spines for biomechanical research. The development of synthetic spines studies in recent years showed a great potential to replicate the human cadaveric spine. Although some of the motions were quite stiff in comparison with human cadaveric motions, with further adjustment, the improved synthetic spine can potentially benefit and transform the spinal biomechanical investigations in the future.
      4
  • Publication
    Spine Deformity Assessment for Scoliosis Diagnostics Utilizing Image Processing Techniques: A Systematic Review
    ( 2023-10-01)
    Amran N.N.
    ;
    Khairul Salleh Basaruddin
    ;
    Ijaz M.F.
    ;
    Haniza Yazid
    ;
    Nor Amalina Muhayudin
    ;
    Shafriza Nisha Basah
    ;
    Sulaiman A.R.
    Spinal deformity refers to a range of disorders that are defined by anomalous curvature of the spine and may be classified as scoliosis, hypo/hyperlordosis, or hypo/hyperkyphosis. Among these, scoliosis stands out as the most common type of spinal deformity in human beings, and it can be distinguished by abnormal lateral spine curvature accompanied by axial rotation. Accurate identification of spinal deformity is crucial for a person’s diagnosis, and numerous assessment methods have been developed by researchers. Therefore, the present study aims to systematically review the recent works on spinal deformity assessment for scoliosis diagnosis utilizing image processing techniques. To gather relevant studies, a search strategy was conducted on three electronic databases (Scopus, ScienceDirect, and PubMed) between 2012 and 2022 using specific keywords and focusing on scoliosis cases. A total of 17 papers fully satisfied the established criteria and were extensively evaluated. Despite variations in methodological designs across the studies, all reviewed articles obtained quality ratings higher than satisfactory. Various diagnostic approaches have been employed, including artificial intelligence mechanisms, image processing, and scoliosis diagnosis systems. These approaches have the potential to save time and, more significantly, can reduce the incidence of human error. While all assessment methods have potential in scoliosis diagnosis, they possess several limitations that can be ameliorated in forthcoming studies. Therefore, the findings of this study may serve as guidelines for the development of a more accurate spinal deformity assessment method that can aid medical personnel in the real diagnosis of scoliosis.
      2
  • Publication
    Development and evaluation of synthetic paediatric mid-thoracic spine model for Scoliosis assessment
    ( 2021)
    Nor Amalina Muhayudin
    Scoliosis is a condition with abnormal spine lateral curvature that is affecting people of all ages but is the most common in children. Most of the studies that had investigated scoliosis-related subjects were using animal and adult spines; thus, in reality, they may not be representing the paediatric spine, as the paediatric spine is not the same and should not be treated as a miniature version of an adult spine. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a synthetic paediatric spine model and to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of the paediatric spine in comparison with adult and animal spines. The section of the spine selected for this research was the T4 to T8 mid-thoracic region. As the spine is such a complex structure, the fabrication process of the synthetic model was simplified by focusing on three main components; vertebra, intervertebral disc and spinal ligaments. The expandable PU foam was selected to replicate the trabecular bone. Meanwhile, the lightweight silicone materials were selected to model the intervertebral disc by replicating the nucleus pulposus, while the monothane® materials were used to model the annulus fibrosus. Additionally, the composite materials consisting of fibre tape and plastic silicone were used to represent the spinal ligaments. The synthetic paediatric spine was fabricated as a scaled-up model of the paediatric spine by 200%. Biomechanical tests were conducted to measure the range of motion (ROM) and non-linearity of the sigmoidal curves at six DOF, with moments ranging from between ±1 to ±4 Nm. The results were compared with the data reported on porcine spines (retrieved from prior literature) and an analogue adult lumbar spine (Sawbones®). The differences of 18% and 3%, respectively, were found in lateral bending and axial rotation of the synthetic paediatric spine, as compared to the porcine spine. Moreover, the flexion extension was observed to differ by 45%, but the ROM was still within the range. Similar sigmoidal curves were observed for all six DOF when compared to the analogue adult lumbar spine, where the flexion extension and axial rotation tended to be more linear. The paediatric ROM was measured using a validated paediatric FE model at ±0.5 Nm moment (i.e. paediatric loading) to determine the moment required by the synthetic paediatric spine to obtain the paediatric ROM. The results showed that in flexion extension, the paediatric ROM was closer to ±3 Nm moment, while in the lateral bending and axial rotation, the paediatric ROM was closer to ±2 Nm moment. The movements of the synthetic paediatric spine were found to be stiffer in the flexion extension but were more flexible in the lateral bending in comparison to the paediatric FE model. This was potentially due to the simplified design of the intervertebral disc, as well as the poor bonding between the disc and vertebrae. Despite that, the developed model showed promising results, hence suggested that the synthetic paediatric spine has the potential application as an alternative paediatric spine model. In the long term, this model could replace the animal and adult spines to investigate pathologies of the paediatric spine, such as scoliosis.
      4  8