Physical surface modification on the biosensing surface

The accurate measurement and monitoring of the concentration of specific biomolecules in a living system using biosensors are important to ensure the proper function of living cells and organisms. Because the performance of the biosensor relies significantly on the surface used for the immobilization of biomolecules’ recognition elements, physical surface modifications can be a promising solution for improvement of the performance of biosensors. In this regard, this chapter provides a description of recent advances in the physical modifications of the biosensing surface. The chapter begins with the brief introduction of the structure and requirement of biosensors, followed by the basis of surface modifications. This is followed by the presentation of various materials used for the physical modification of the biosensing surface, including metal nanostructures, carbon nanostructures, metal oxide nanostructures, and conducting polymers. This chapter ends with concluding remarks on the current progress and upcoming challenges of biosensor development.