Zunaida Zakaria
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Preferred name
Zunaida Zakaria
Official Name
Zunaida, Zakaria
Alternative Name
Zakaria, Zunaida
Zunaida, Z.
Zakaria, Z.
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Scopus Author ID
57217205824
Researcher ID
M-6958-2019

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  • Publication
    Recycled polyethylene blends and composites: Current trend, technology, and challenges
    ( 2023-09-23)
    Munusamy Y.
    ;
    Zunaida Zakaria
    ;
    Ismail H.
    ;
    Nor Azura Abdul Rahim
    Thermoplastics being a modern material had provided significant contribution to human civilization. Polyethylene (PE) being the highest consumed thermoplastic is gaining more momentum in production for application in the field of automotive, electrical, and food packaging. Environmental issues with single-usage trend of PE products had catalyzed various initiative to recycle PE specially to produce recycle PE blends and composites. Even though various laboratory-based development been successfully carried out to produce recycled PE blends and composites but its commercialization is still at infancy. Thus, in this chapter the current PE recycling methods, products, and its applications are being discussed and the challenges faced by industry for full-scale adaption of findings in laboratories are highlighted. Critical analysis on the production and products of recycled PE blends and composites are reported to provide the reader with future trends for practical approach in PE recycling at industrial scale. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.
      4  31
  • Publication
    Recycled polyethylene terephthalate blends and composites: Impact of pet waste, engineering design, and their applications
    ( 2023-09-23)
    Zunaida Zakaria
    ;
    Hakimah Osman
    ;
    Nor Azura Abdul Rahim
    ;
    Munusamy Y.
    ;
    Ismail H.
    Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the major polymers produced and has been widely used in downstream industries, such as the production of textile fibers, packaging bottles, and films. The increased use of PET is associated with its excellent properties, which include thermal resistance, lightweight, high transparency, good impact, and relatively low cost. This indirectly contributes to a large amount of PET solid waste, which is detrimental to human life and exacerbates environmental issues. As a result, conversion to new PET blends and composites is an efficient method to recycle PET and reduce waste. While research in this area is ongoing and improving with the development of new materials for various applications, its commercialization has yet to begin. This chapter focuses on the designation of recycled PET and its performance as new blends and composites. Among the other topics discussed are PET waste sources, recycling methods, and applications, as well as the challenges of recycling PET and converting this solid waste into value-added products. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.
      1
  • Publication
    Swelling behavior and melt fracture of polypropylene-co-ethylene filled with sago starch extrudates by using twin screw extruder
    ( 2022-05-18)
    Nor Azura Abdul Rahim
    ;
    Huan G.T.
    ;
    Jalilah Abd Jalil
    ;
    Zunaida Zakaria
    ;
    Jikan S.S.
    Barus effect and melt distortion of an extrudate is the indication of viscoelastic nature of a polymer melt. Polypropylene-co-ethylene (PPcoE) filled with various amounts of sago starch were compounded using a co-rotating twin screw extruder and the extrudate blend swelling ratio and its appearance upon exiting the die at different screw speed and temperature were carefully analyzed. The Melt Flow Index (MFI) test and the morphology test using optical microscope (OM) were conducted to justify the obtained results. The addition of sago starch in PPcoE has significantly introduced a porous structure to the produced extrudates and the porosity became more obvious with the increasing amount of sago starch. Meanwhile, below 30 rpm screw speed, higher starch content generated lower extrudate swelling ratio. At constant screw speed of 30 rpm, a sign of flow instabilities occurred in the extrudate blends which can be directly evident from the captured OM image. In conclusion, the incorporation of sago starch in PPcoE has ultimately altered the melt strength of PPcoE which is concurrently reflected by the swelling behaviour and melt distortion of the blend.
      3  31
  • Publication
    Melt behavior of polypropylene-co-ethylene composites filled with dual component of sago and kenaf natural filler
    ( 2022-02-10)
    Nor Azura Abdul Rahim
    ;
    Xian Loo Yu
    ;
    Munusamy Y.
    ;
    Zunaida Zakaria
    ;
    Ramarad S.
    A dual component natural filler system featuring discrete function appears to be suitable for modulating smooth flow of pseudo-plastic into formulated biodegradable polymer composite. Polypropylene-co-ethylene (PPcoE) filled with sago starch and different kenaf powder loadings were compounded using co-rotating twin-screw extruder to produce dual component polymer composite. The flow characteristics of the composites were measured using capillary rheometer and Bagley corrections were performed to achieve the true rheological data. In addition, data collected from the twin-screw extruder were used to calculate the composite apparent rheological value. The flow properties of PPcoE filled with sago starch (PPcoE/sago) exhibited deviation from the common non-Newtonian thermoplastic flow paths at high shear rates. Interestingly, the addition of kenaf powder into the PPcoE/sago starch blend stabilized the melted composite flow stream. The calculation of interfacial tension revealed that the flow corrections were related to the phase selective localization of kenaf particle, which preferably embedded between the sago particles rather than in the surrounding PPcoE phase thus reducing the effect of sago clustering. At higher extrusion temperature, the extruded composite indicated sign of flow instability due to factors of high amount of kenaf powder loading and the degradation of sago starch and PPcoE chains.
      1  24