Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
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Preferred name
Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath
Official Name
Subash Chandra Bose, Gopinath
Alternative Name
Gopinath, S.
Gopinath, S. C.B
Subash Gopinath, C. B.
Subash, Gopinath
Subash C. B. Gopinath
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
7006558013
Researcher ID
D-2953-2015

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Production and characterization of graphene from carbonaceous rice straw by cost-effect extraction

2021-05-01 , Muhammad Nur Aiman Uda , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath , Uda Hashim , Halim N.H. , Nor Azizah Parmin , Muhammad Nur Afnan Uda , Anbu P.

This paper describes the synthesis of graphene-based activated carbon from carbonaceous rice straw fly ash in an electrical furnace and the subsequent potassium hydroxide extraction. The produced graphene has a proper morphological structure; flakes and a rough surface can be observed. The average size of the graphene was defined as up to 2000 nm and clarification was provided by high-resolution microscopes (FESEM and FETEM). Crystallinity was confirmed by surface area electron diffraction. The chemical bonding from the graphene was clearly observed, with –C=C– and O–H stretching at peaks of 1644 cm−1 and 3435 cm−1, respectively. Impurities in the graphene were found using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The measured size, according to zeta-potential analysis, was 8722.2 ± 25 nm, and the average polydispersity index was 0.576. The stability of the mass reduction was analyzed by a thermogravimetric at 100 Â°C, with a final reduction of ~ 11%.

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MXene-Based Aptasensor: Characterization and High-Performance Voltammetry Detection of Deoxynivalenol

2021-06-01 , Sangu S.S. , Illias N.M. , Ong C.C. , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath , Saheed M.S.M.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin secreted by Fusarium species members, and the consumption of which causes a serious health issue. In this work, MXene is used to generate a highly sensitive and selective biosensing system for DON. MXene is prepared by the selective etching of aluminum from titanium aluminum carbide (Ti3AlC2-MAX) powder using hydrochloric acid-lithium fluoride (HCl-LiF). The prepared MXene surface is immobilized with a tailor-made DON aptamer, and its affinity towards DON is measured using a sweep voltammetry. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) displays the intercalation between MXene layers indicating the successful etching of aluminum. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy study confirms the incident elemental compositions, whereas X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis shows a high composition of Ti-Fx and TiO2, due to the replacement of the aluminum layers with oxygen and fluorine terminations. The presence of oxygen is beneficial for surface modification and biomolecular immobilization as attested by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy peak profile. The aptasensor shown here has a high sensitivity with a limit of detection at 1 fg mL−1 and demonstrates a remarkable selectivity towards DON by discriminating the binding of similar mycotoxins, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A and with DON-spiked paddy extract. This simple yet cost-effective high-performance detection of DON can be an alternative strategy for screening food and feed samples.

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Silica/antibody-conjugated microcomb electrode sensor for cardiac biomarker analysis

2021-02-01 , Li J. , Li H. , Xu J. , Zhao X. , Song S. , Xue Z. , Wu Y.S. , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath , Lakshmipriya T. , Zhang H.

Myocardial infarction (MI), which is generally known as a heart attack, occurs when there is a lack of blood supply to the heart. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is commonly used for the initial screening of MI but is not sufficiently sensitive. With ECG, cardiac biomarkers help to efficiently assess MI. The cardiac troponin I level has a high correlation with MI and is one of the gold standard biomarkers to identify MI. This study focuses on detecting cardiac troponin I by its parent antibody on a microcomb interdigitated electrode (IDE) sensor. To improve the detection, silica nanoparticles (SiNps) were complexed with antibody and immobilized on the IDE sensing surface. Amine-modified SiNps help to hold more antibodies on the sensing surface and interact with more cardiac troponin I molecules, leading to sensitive detection with a limit of detection of 1 fM (24 pg/mL). Moreover, the control proteins were failed to specifically interact, indicating the genuine detection of cardiac troponin I. This study helps to more easily and efficiently quantify the cardiac troponin I level to diagnose MI.

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Longitudinal Zeolite-Iron Oxide Nanocomposite Deposited Capacitance Biosensor for Interleukin-3 in Sepsis Detection

2021-01-01 , Chen C. , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath , Anbu P.

Sepsis is an extreme condition involving a physical response to severe microbial infection and causes fatal and life-threatening issues. Sepsis generates during the chemicals release with the immune system into the bloodstream for fighting against an infection, which causes the inflammation and leads to the medical emergency. A complexed longitudinal zeolite and iron oxide nanocomposite was extracted from coal mine fly ash and utilized to improve the surface characteristics of the capacitance biosensor to identify sepsis attacks. Anti-interleukin-3 (anti-IL-3) antibody was attached to the zeolite- and iron oxide-complexed capacitance electrode surface through an amine linker to interact with the sepsis biomarker IL-3. The morphological and chemical components of the nanocomplex were investigated by FESEM, FETEM, and EDX analyses. At approximately 30 nm, the longitudinal zeolite and iron oxide nanocomposite aided in attaining the limit of IL-3 detection of 3 pg/mL on the linear curve, with a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9673 [y = 1.638x − 1.1847]. A lower detection limit was achieved in the dose-dependent range (3–100 pg/mL) due to the higher amount of antibody immobilization on the sensing surface due to the nanomaterials and the improved surface current. Furthermore, control experiments with relevant biomolecules did not show capacitance changes, and spiked IL-3 in human serum increased capacitance, indicating the specific and selective detection of IL-3. This study identifies and quantifies IL-3 via potentially useful methods and helps in diagnosing sepsis attack.

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Polymer-tethered metal oxide sensing surface for abdominal aortic aneurysm biomarker quantification by dual antibodies

2021-03-01 , Hong X. , Hong X. , Zhao H. , Shi Q. , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath , Lakshmipriya T. , Yan G.

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is caused by a vascular disease and results in the presence of a bulged portion (>5.5 cm) of the aorta in the abdominal area, which can rupture due to high blood pressure. Imaging techniques are broadly used to diagnose AAA and provide supporting evidence for treating the patient. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a well-known biomarker for AAAs and helps to identify the severity of the disease. In this research, IGF1 was detected by dual antibodies (mono- and polyclonal) on gap-fingered (~50 µm) interdigitated dielectrode (IDE) metal oxide surfaces (5 × 6 mm). The hydroxylated IDE surface was coated with silane-PEG-COOH to reduce biofouling and improve detection. IGF1 at 1 pM (y = 1.641x-1.605; R²=0.9826) was determined to have a low detection limit by a monoclonal antibody (200 nM); the detection limit was further improved to 100 fM (y = 10.12x-3.6966; R²=0.9631) in a 10-fold increment by employing dual antibodies with low-femtomolar sensitivity. Moreover, the current responses were found to increase greatly due to this sandwich pattern at dose-dependent concentrations from 100 fM to 1 nM. Control experiments with IGF2 and IGFBP3 (1 nM) showed minor variations in current changes, indicating the specific detection of IGF1. This method employing dual antibodies on the dielectrode surface helps identify AAAs and their progression.

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Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanoflower Production and Analytical Utilization: Fundamental to Cutting-Edge Technologies

2022-01-01 , Subramani I.G. , Perumal V. , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath , Fhan K.S. , Mohamed N.M.

Over the past decade, science has experienced a growing rise in nanotechnology with ground-breaking contributions. Through various laborious technologies, nanomaterials with different architectures from 0 D to 3 D have been synthesized. However, the 3 D flower-like organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterial with the most direct one-pot green synthesis method has attracted widespread attention and instantly become research hotspot since its first allusion in 2012. Mild synthesis procedure, high surface-to-volume ratio, enhanced enzymatic activity and stability are the main factor for its rapid development. However, its lower mechanical strength, difficulties in recovery from the reaction system, lower loading capacity, poor reusability and accessibility of enzymes are fatal, which hinders its wide application in industry. This review first discusses the selection of non-enzymatic biomolecules for the synthesis of hybrid nanoflowers followed by the innovative advancements made in organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers to overcome aforementioned issues and to enhance their extensive downstream applications in transduction technologies. Besides, the role of hybrid nanoflower has been successfully utilized in many fields including, water remediation, biocatalyst, pollutant adsorption and decolourization, nanoreactor, biosensing, cellular uptake and others, accompanied with several quantification technologies, such as ELISA, electrochemical, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), colorimetric, and fluorescence were comprehensively reviewed.

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Progress in gene therapy treatments for prostate cancer

2022-06-01 , Xue J. , Chen K. , Hu H. , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath

Prostate cancer is one of the predominant cancers affecting men and has been widely reported. In the past, various therapies and drugs have been proposed to treat prostate cancer. Among these treatments, gene therapy has been considered to be an optimal and widely applicable treatment. Furthermore, due to the increased specificity of gene sequence complementation, the targeted delivery of complementary gene sequences may represent a useful treatment in certain instances. Various gene therapies, including tumor-suppressor gene therapy, suicide gene therapy, immunomodulation gene therapy and anti-oncogene therapies, have been established to treat a wide range of diseases, such as cardiac disease, cystic fibrosis, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, hemophilia, and cancers. To this end, several gene therapy clinical trials at various phases are underway. This overview describes the developments and progress in gene therapy, with a special focus being placed on prostate cancer.

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Graphene oxide-gold nanoparticle-aptamer complexed probe for detecting amyloid beta oligomer by ELISA-based immunoassay

2021-02-01 , Zhao J. , Chang W. , Liu L. , Xing X. , Zhang C. , Meng H. , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath , Lakshmipriya T. , Chen Y. , Liu Y.

Highly sensitive and easy detection method for Alzheimer's disease (AD) with a suitable biomarker is mandatory for preventing the factors resulting from AD. This research reports a modified ELISA with graphene for the detection of AD biomarker amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomer. Gold nanoparticle (AuNP) conjugated aptamer was used as the capture probe and attached on ELISA-graphene oxide surface through the amine linker. Antibody was used as the detection molecule to reach the maximum detection of Aβ oligomer. Suitable level of APTMS (2%), size of AuNP (30 nm) and aptamer concentration (2 μM) were optimized. This sandwich pattern of aptamer-Aβ oligomer-antibody helps to reach the detection at 50 pM on the optimized ELISA surface and the control experiments in the absence of Aβ oligomer or anti-Aβ oligomer antibody did not show the significant optical detection at 492 nm, indicting the specific detection. Further, Aβ oligomer spiked artificial cerebrospinal fluid did not interfere the detection of Aβ oligomer, confirming the selective detection. This new and modified ELISA surface helps to reach the lower detection of Aβ oligomer and diagnose AD.

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Mxene surface on multiple junction triangles for determining osteosarcoma cancer biomarker by dielectrode microgap sensor

2020-01-01 , Zhou D. , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath , Mohamed Saheed M.S. , Siva Sangu S. , Lakshmipriya T.

Background: In recent years, nanomaterials have justified their dissemination for biosensor application towards the sensitive and selective detections of clinical biomarkers at the lower levels. MXene is a two-dimensional layered transition metal, attractive for biosensing due to its chemical, physical and electrical properties along with the biocompatibility. Materials and Methods: This work was focused on diagnosing osteosarcoma (OS), a common bone cancer, on MXene-modified multiple junction triangles by dielectrode sensing. Survivin protein gene is highly correlated with OS, identified on this sensing surface. Capture DNA was immobilized on MXene by using 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethox-ysilane as an amine linker and duplexed by the target DNA sequence. Results: The limitation and sensitivity of detection were found as 1 fM with the acceptable regression co-efficient value (y=1.0037⨰ + 0.525; R2=0.978) and the current enhancement was noted when increasing the target DNA concentrations. Moreover, the control sequences of single-and triple-mismatched and noncomplementary to the target DNA sequences failed to hybridize on the capture DNA, confirming the specificity. In addition, different batches were prepared with capture probe immobilized sensing surfaces and proved the efficient reproducibility. Conclusion: This microgap device with Mxene-modified multiple junction triangles dielec-trode surface is beneficial to quantify the survivin gene at its lower level and diagnosing OS complication levels.

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Mycorrhiza: a natural resource assists plant growth under varied soil conditions

2020-05-01 , Huey C.J. , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath , Muhammad Nur Aiman Uda , Zulhaimi H.I. , Jaafar M.N. , Kasim F.H. , Yaakub A.R.W.

In this overview, the authors have discussed the potential advantages of the association between mycorrhizae and plants, their mutual accelerated growth under favorable conditions and their role in nutrient supply. In addition, methods for isolating mycorrhizae are described and spore morphologies and their adaptation to various conditions are outlined. Further, the significant participation of controlled greenhouses and other supported physiological environments in propagating mycorrhizae is detailed. The reviewed information supports the lack of host- and niche-specificity by arbuscular mycorrhizae, indicating that these fungi are suitable for use in a wide range of ecological conditions and with propagules for direct reintroduction. Regarding their prospective uses, the extensive growth of endomycorrhizal fungi suggests it is suited for poor-quality and low-fertility soils.

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