Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
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Preferred name
Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad
Official Name
Mohd Khairuddin , Md Arshad
Alternative Name
Md. Arshad, M. K.
Arshad, Mohd K.M.
Arshad, M. K.M.
Khairuddin Md Arshad, Mohd
Arshad, M. K.Md
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
57211870224
Researcher ID
L-5830-2013

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Effect of back gate biasing on silicon nanowire field effect transistor

2021-05-03 , Wan Amirah Basyarah Z.A. , Md Nor M.N. , Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad , Mohamad Faris Mohamad Fathil , Azlan A.S. , Ibau C.

This work presents an experimental analysis of the substrate bias influence on the operation of Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistor (SiNW-FET). The device analysis has been performed by using atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to obtain the surface morphological characterization. Then, the electrical characterization was measured over a linear DC sweep, range from -1.5 V to 0.6 V with a step voltage of 0.01V and the variation on the substrate bias applied to the sample from -1V to 0V. As a result, the back gate was found to influence the conductivity of the nanowire with a higher than 0.79 V gate voltage to be applied. The device demonstrated a good behavior of p-type silicon nanowire field effect transistor and capable to operate as a biosensing device.

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Natural resources for nanoparticle synthesis

2020-01-01 , Letchumanan I. , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath , Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad

Drastically growing research areas are mainly dependent on nanotechnology for the purpose of a better outcome and to propose new advancements in their respective field. In fact, nanotechnology has been an attraction field for all researchers due to their outstanding key prospects in all the fields. Truly, to claim that nature also can be distinguished as a superior nanotechnologist. Nanoparticles are the subclass of nanotechnology which can be found everywhere and every time. Nanoparticles are particles with nano-sized range which are highly mobile and precise. In nature, nanoparticles can be found in volcanic ash, ocean spray, natural water, soil, plant extract, and plant biomass. Naturally, existing compounds or minerals by the bioreduction process can be either highly toxic or nontoxic to the environment. This chapter generally presents the types of nanoparticles that exist naturally and their way of production.

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Nanostructured aluminosilicate from fly ash: Potential approach in waste utilization for industrial and medical applications

2020-04-20 , Ramanathan S. , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath , Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad , Prabakaran A/L Poopalan

Fly ash is found as a significant solid waste released from power plants to the atmosphere, but its qualitative and quantitative consumptions for the sustainability are ambiguous. The main issues aroused with the disposal of fly ash are the requirement of a large land area for landfills, cause toxicity and pollution to the soil and groundwater due to the accumulation of heavy metals. Although fly ash is highly recommended for soil amelioration and cement manufacturing, the ultimate usage of the solid waste causes unsatisfactory effect to the ground system and cementitious product, respectively. Apart from direct utilization and disposal of fly ash, it has been well reported in literature for the synthesis of nanosized particles due to its enrichment in silica, kaolin, iron, and alumina. With this regard, aluminosilicates have been acknowledged as one of the prospective nanocomposites synthesized from fly ash. It has proven that naturally occurring geopolymerization of fly ash under alkaline medium results is in the formation of aluminosilicates. As such, synthetic aluminosilicates were highly encouraged to extract from fly ash in large scale due to their excellent physiochemical properties and applications. This overview intends to fill-up the knowledge gap through critically reviewing about fly ash waste for the synthesis of aluminosilicate nanocomposite. The applications of fly ash derived aluminosilicates in industries such as wastewater treatment, agriculture system and as antioxidants are gleaned. Besides the heavy industrial potential, this review encompasses the prospective alternative consumption of fly ash for the production of nanostructured aluminosilicates and their comprehensive assessment in medical applications, especially in drug carrier and drug delivery systems, bone engineering, biosensors, hemodialysis, and intestinal therapeutics.

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Aluminosilicate Nanocomposites from Incinerated Chinese Holy Joss Fly Ash: A Potential Nanocarrier for Drug Cargos

2020-02-25 , Ramanathan S. , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath , Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad , Prabakaran A/L Poopalan , Anbu P. , Lakshmipriya T.

An incredible amount of joss fly ash is produced from the burning of Chinese holy joss paper; thus, an excellent method of recycling joss fly ash waste to extract aluminosilicate nanocomposites is explored. The present research aims to introduce a novel method to recycle joss fly ash through a simple and straightforward experimental procedure involving acidic and alkaline treatments. The synthesized aluminosilicate nanocomposite was characterized to justify its structural and physiochemical characteristics. A morphological analysis was performed with field-emission transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy revealed the size of the aluminosilicate nanocomposite to be ~25 nm, while also confirming a uniformly spherical-shaped nanostructure. The elemental composition was measured by energy dispersive spectroscopy and revealed the Si to Al ratio to be 13.24 to 7.96, showing the high purity of the extracted nanocomposite. The roughness and particle distribution were analyzed using atomic force microscopy and a zeta analysis. X-ray diffraction patterns showed a synthesis of faceted and cubic aluminosilicate crystals in the nanocomposites. The presence of silica and aluminum was further proven by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the functional groups were recognized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The thermal capacity of the nanocomposite was examined by a thermogravimetric analysis. In addition, the research suggested the promising application of aluminosilicate nanocomposites as drug carriers. The above was justified by an enzyme-linked apta-sorbent assay, which claimed that the limit of the aptasensing aluminosilicate-conjugated ampicillin was two-fold higher than that in the absence of the nanocomposite. The drug delivery property was further justified through an antibacterial analysis against Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and Bacillus subtilis (gram-positive).

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Field-Effect Transistor-based Biosensor Optimization: Single Versus Array Silicon Nanowires Configuration

2020-01-01 , Ong C.C. , Mohamad Faris Mohamad Fathil , Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad , Mohammad Nuzaihan Md Nor , Ruslinda A. Rahim , Uda Hashim , Rafizatul Fitri Abdullah , Mohd Hazmi Mohd Ghazali , Tamjis N.

This paper demonstrated the effect of different number of silicon nanowire transducer channels, in other word single, double, and triple channels towards the performance of field-effect transistor-based biosensor through simulation tool. These silicon nanowire field-effect transistor biosensors were designed and simulated in device simulation modelling tool, Silvaco ATLAS with fixed length, width, and height of the silicon nanowire. Different negatively interface charge density values were applied on the transducer channels’ surface of the biosensors to represent as detected target biomolecules that will bind onto the surface of the transducer regions. Based on the results, more negatively interface charges density values presented on the sensing channels had reduced the electron carrier accumulation at the channel’s interface, therefore, reduced drain current flow between the source and drain terminal. With the increase number of the transducer channels, significant change in drain current for every applied negatively interface charges became more apparent and increased the sensitivity of the biosensor. The triple transducer channels silicon nanowire field-effect transistor biosensor had demonstrated highest sensitivity, that is 2.83 µA/e∙cm2, which indicates it has better response for the detection of interface charges, thus increases chances for transducer channels reaction to the target biomolecules during testing or diagnosis.

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Femtomolar Dengue Virus Type-2 DNA Detection in Back-gated Silicon Nanowire Field-effect Transistor Biosensor

2022-01-01 , Abidin W.A.B.Z. , Nor M.N.M. , Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad , Mohamad Faris Mohamad Fathil , Nor Azizah Parmin , Sisin N.A.H.T. , Ibau C. , Azlan A.S.

Background: Dengue is known as the most severe arboviral infection in the world spread by Aedes aegypti. However, conventional and laboratory-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent as-says (ELISA) are the current approaches in detecting dengue virus (DENV), requiring skilled and well-trained personnel to operate. Therefore, the ultrasensitive and label-free technique of the Silicon Nanowire (SiNW) biosensor was chosen for rapid detection of DENV. Methods: In this study, a SiNW field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor integrated with a back-gate of the low-doped p-type Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer was fabricated through conventional photo-lithography and Inductively Coupled Plasma – Reactive Ion Etching (ICP-RIE) for Dengue Virus type-2 (DENV-2) DNA detection. The morphological characteristics of back-gated SiNW-FET were examined using a field-emission scanning electron microscope supported by the elemental analysis via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results and Discussion: A complementary (target) single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) was recognized when the target DNA was hybridized with the probe DNA attached to SiNW surfaces. Based on the slope of the linear regression curve, the back-gated SiNW-FET biosensor demonstrated the sensitivity of 3.3 nAM-1 with a detection limit of 10 fM. Furthermore, the drain and back-gate voltages were also found to influence the SiNW conductance changed. Conclusion: Thus, the results obtained suggest that the back-gated SiNW-FET shows good stability in both biosensing applications and medical diagnosis throughout the conventional photolithography method.

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Impedimetric Lectin Biosensor for Prostate Cancer Detection

2021-01-01 , Abd Rahman S.F. , Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath , Mohamad Faris Mohamad Fathil , Sarry F. , Md Nor M.N.

There is considerable attention on the determination of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) glycosylation patterns for the early detection of prostate cancer, as it is one of the most reliable tumor biomarkers. In this study, the highly effective lectin-based biosensor utilizing gold interdigitated microelectrode was developed as a sensing transducer, coupled with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for the sensitive detection of biomolecules event on the device. The self-assembled monolayer using 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid was utilized to modify the sensor surface for the conjugation of Maackia amurensis lectin as biorecognition elements. The analytical analysis of the developed lectin biosensor with PSA glycosylation through impedimetric measurement exhibited a linear detection ranging from 100 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL and attained a detection limit of 27.6 pg/mL.

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Impact of buried oxide thickness in substrate-gate integrated silicon nanowire field-effect transistor biosensor performance for charge sensing

2021-07-21 , Tan Y.M. , Mohamad Faris Mohamad Fathil , Mohammad Nuzaihan Md Nor , Norhayati Sabani , Teoh X.Y. , Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath , Rahman S.F.A. , Uda Hashim

The paper investigated on performance in charge sensing for substrate-gate integrated silicon nanowire field-effect transistor biosensor at different thickness of the buried oxide layer, sandwiched in between the top-silicon and substrate layers. The device structures with different buried oxide thickness ranging from 100 to 200 nm were designed and simulated using the Silvaco ATLAS device simulation software. The increase of buried oxide thickness reduced the strength of induced electric field that contributes to the formation of inversion layer for current flow through the silicon nanowire channel, hence contributed to the increase in threshold voltage. For simulation of charge sensing, the device demonstrated the ability to identify different interface charge values ranging from -5×1010 to -9×1010 e· cm-2 applied on the surface of the silicon nanowire channel to represent target charge biomolecules that bound to the biosensor in actual detection. Significant change in threshold voltage can be observed due to the applied interface charge density values and was evaluated to determine the sensitivity for charge sensing performance. The device shows better performance when designed with buried oxide thickness of 200 nm at sensitivity of 1.151 V/e· cm-2.

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Surface charge transduction enhancement on nano-silica and - Alumina integrated planar electrode for hybrid DNA determination

2021-06-01 , Ramanathan S. , Prabakaran A/L Poopalan , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath , Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad , Anbu P. , Lakshmipriya T. , Salimi M.N. , Pandian K.

This study represents the surface charge transduction, an efficient and inexpensive biosensor with modifications by silica-alumina entities and determination of gene sequence hybridization. The sensing surface was made by the planar aluminium interdigitated electrode on silicon substrate. Silica and alumina nanoparticles were engineered on the planar transducer surface and the device sensitivity was investigated. The morphology of silica and alumina particles was characterized through the high-resolution election microscopic analyses and revealed the spherical shaped nanoscale sizes at the range of 45–100 nm. The elemental compositions of silica and alumina nanomaterial were affirmed through energy disperse spectroscopy as prominent peaks of Si, Al and O were observed. Selected area electron diffraction analysis of silica and alumina justified their crystalline and amorphous nature, respectively. XRD analysis revealed the expending cristobalite state of silica crystal and γ-alumina for planar electrode surface enhancement. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy peak observed at 1094 cm−1 revealed the asymmetric stretching of silica nanoparticles whereas the projecting peak observed at 806 cm−1. Additionally, Al–O stretch and Al–O–Al bending modes were justified with the peaks at 585 and 825 cm−1, respectively. Band gap values of silica and alumina computed were 6.75 eV and 3.20 eV, respectively. The results of DNA probe immobilization and complementation have affirmed that silica modified transducer shows the lowest detection at 10 aM whereas alumina modified transducer displayed insignificant current signal and failed to detect DNA hybridization. To investigate the effect of silica entity and its nanocomposite in detecting DNA hybridization, aluminosilicate nanocomposite was deposited on transducer and attained highly sensitive gene detection. Based on the coefficient regression value, aluminosilicate nanocomposite modified planar transducer has shown good device sensitivity (R2 = 0.96) in contrast to silica and alumina entities.

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Lectin bioreceptor approach in capacitive biosensor for prostate-specific membrane antigen detection in diagnosing prostate cancer

2021-03-01 , Subramani I.G. , Ramzan Mat Ayub , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath , Perumal V. , Mohamad Faris Mohamad Fathil , Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad

This research reports a new approach with lectin-based capacitive non-faradaic biosensor for the detection of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) as a promising diagnostic marker for determining prostate cancer. PSMA expression is significantly higher in malign hyperplasia, thus can be effectively employed to discriminate other benign prostatic diseases. Herein, the aluminium interdigitated electrode was fabricated and modified by a linker, 2-mercaptoacetate to form the self-assembled monolayer. Gold nanoparticles were used as a signal amplifier and supported the conjugation of Concanavalin A, for efficient capacitive sensing of PSMA. Scanning electron microscope observation effectively captured the surface modification on the aluminium surface by revealing the specific adherence of gold nanoparticles with Concanavalin A. Moreover, the successful surface modification was further validated by atomic force microscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The interaction analysis of Concanavalin A with PSMA by capacitive non-faradaic measurement exhibited a linear detection range from 10 pM to 100 nM and attained the detection limit and sensitivity of 10 pM and 1.65 nF/pM respectively as the comparable performance to the current sensing strategies. Furthermore, the fabrication and quantification of PSMA as demonstrated here are relatively simple and can be employed for the straightforward detection of other biomarkers.

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