Research Output
Performance of Waste Cooking Oil Esterification for Biodiesel Production Using Various Catalysts
The Grease Formulation Using Waste Substances from Palm Oil Refinery and Other Industrial Wastes: A Review
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Publication
In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) with high free fatty acid (FFA) content was esterified to produce biodiesel, and the catalysts’ performance was investigated. Two deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were employed as the liquid catalysts (K2CO3-Gly and KOH-Gly), while the solid heterogeneous catalysts used were spent bleaching earth (SBE), KCC-1, and Na/KCC-1. DESs were prepared by mixing at reaction temperature and time of 80°C and 120 min, respectively. The American Standard Testing Method (ASTM) D974 determined the acid value. The catalysts were first screened for their catalytic activity in WCO esterification. The parameters investigated in this study were oil-to-methanol molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction time, and temperature. The highest conversion (94.7%) was obtained using Na/KCC-1. The performance of solid and liquid catalysts was evaluated using KOH-Gly and SBE for the reduction of FFA in WCO under different conditions of oil-to-methanol molar ratio (1:6–1:10), catalysts loading (0.2–2.0 g), reaction time (30–60 min), and temperature (40–100°C). The highest reduction of FFA in the esterification process for KOH-Gly and SBE as catalysts was 97.74% and 84.2%, respectively. Transesterification of the esterified oil shows a promising result (97%), and the process can potentially be scaled up. The GC-MS result shows that the produced oil has the highest percentage of hexadecanoic acid and methyl ester.
Publication
Many applications use Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) despite being considered hazardous waste from the palm oil refinery process. Its production increases yearly, similar to waste cooking oil (WCO). The SBE is known as a thickener in grease formulation. The same goes for red gypsum, waste motor oil, stearic acid, and lithium hydroxide monohydrate. They are all considered thickeners but have different durability in protecting base oil in grease. Then, previous studies revealed their performances with side effects detection against the environment and human bodies. Cooking oil is a heat transfer medium for serving foods with higher amounts of unsaturated fatty acids. The number of fatty acids might change after cooking oil consumption and become highly demanded due to the chemical properties of density, viscosity and fatty acids. Nowadays, people lack awareness of the importance of recycling palm oil waste. They intend to dispose of it instead of recycling it for sustainable energy resources. Therefore, this paper will discuss the grease formulation, contaminant available in WCO, its treatment, issues regarding different thickener consumption, treatment against Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE), and propose the safe thickener and additives for future intakes. This study found that adding Fume Silica (F.S.) as a thickener and Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) enhanced the grease stability. Further treatment against SBE (remove residue oil) and WCO (metal elements, undesired impurities and water content) is necessary for providing good quality formulated grease.