Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
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Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
Official Name
Ragunathan, Al Santiagoo
Alternative Name
Ragunathan, Santiagoo
Ragunathan, S.
Santiagoo, R.
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Scopus Author ID
36619090500
Researcher ID
AGS-2453-2022

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  • Publication
    Chemical and fibre properties by Lemon Grass in chemical pulping for pulp industry
    (IOP Publishing, 2020)
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Zawawi Daud
    ;
    Husnul Azan Tajarudin
    ;
    Nair Gomesh
    ;
    Halizah Awang
    ;
    Mohd Zainuri Mohd Hatta
    ;
    Mohd Arif Rosli
    ;
    Amir Detho
    Malaysia has a high rate of depleting forest activities than any other tropical countries in the world. This lead to an increasing of pollution and loss of forest trees include animal to our nature. Lemon grasses as a substitute material from non-wood material had been choose for pulp and papermaking industry. This study was going through the chemical composition analysis and fibre properties for lemon grass pulp. These conclude that lemon grass had a high percentage of cellulose; with a low lignin content; good fibre length by TAPPI method. Thus, lemon grass has a potential to be alternative material for becoming waste-wealth product especially for Malaysia’s pulp and papermaking industry.
  • Publication
    Electrical performance based on the thickness of electrode using anatase TiOâ‚‚ dye sensitized solar cell
    (IOP Publishing, 2020)
    Nair Gomesh
    ;
    Zawawi Daud
    ;
    Husnul Azan Tajarudin
    ;
    Syafinar Ramli
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    Solar cell research is an ongoing process to obtain a trade-off between the efficiency to price ratio. In the process to obtain high efficiency at lower cost, the dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) emerge as the potential candidate. There have been many calls for an alternative method to a solar cell production compared to the current Si-solar cell production. This paper briefly discusses the comparison of using Anatase based titanium dioxide (A-TiO₂) at different thickness to the electrical performance of the DSSC. The Dr. Blade method was employed to the fabrication of the DSSC with a reference dyes and platinum deposition technique which acts as a counter electrode. Overall result shows that the 10µm thickness displays improved performance in the solar cell efficiency as compared to other electrode thickness fabricated and tested. The factors that improves the electrical performance based on the electrode thickness have been discussed in the paper.
  • Publication
    Utilization of Zeolite-Feldspar as an potential adsorbent for the adsorption of COD and Ammonical Nitrogen in stabilized landfill leachate
    (IOP Publishing Ltd, 2020)
    Zawawi Daud
    ;
    Amir Detho
    ;
    Nair Gomesh
    ;
    Husnul Azan Tajarudin
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Halizah Awang
    ;
    Mohd Arif Rosli
    ;
    Mohd Baharudin Ridzuan
    The robust combination of landfill waste recognized as a potential source of hazards. Landfills is one relatively distinctive issue associated with leachate. Generally, zeolite is considered a known adsorbent however relatively very high in cost. Meanwhile, Feldspar is the world’s most common mineral groups which making up as much as about 60 percent of the crust of the earth. Its quality and availability makes the feldspar become relatively low price material. The mixture of feldspar-zeolite are believe to produces effective and inexpensive composite for the treatment of leachate wastewater. The batch experiment was conducted in an Erlenmeyer flask, 250 mL volume with varying the volume of composite mixture ratio and then shaking for 5 hrs with 200 rpm at pH7. The optimum mixing ratio of feldspar-zeolite is chosen 1:1. The optimum removal of COD and ammonical nitrogen is 55% and 50% respectively. The availability of low-cost materials such as feldspar in the composite has helped to minimize the cost of treatment and has helped to increase the potential capacity for adsorption.
  • Publication
    Experimental approach for chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen removal from natural rubber wastewater via adsorption by kaolin
    (IOP Publishing, 2020)
    Zawawi Daud
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Husnul Azan Tajarudin
    ;
    Nair Gomesh
    ;
    Halizah Awang
    ;
    Nazlizan Nasir
    ;
    Mohd Baharudin Ridzuan
    ;
    Amir Detho
    Natural rubber is an important material because of its high strength compared to synthetic rubber. However, the production process of natural rubber discharges a large amount of wastewater containing high concentrations of organic compounds and nitrogen. Therefore, discharging natural rubber processing wastewater without an appropriate treatment can lead to environmental problems such as deterioration of water quality and eutrophication. In this study, the batch adsorption experiment was carried out for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen from natural rubber wastewater using kaolin as adsorbent. The efficiency of the kaolin was studied by varying the parameters adsorbent dose, pH, shaking speed and contact time. The experimental equilibrium data for this system has been analyzed using the linearized forms of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. COD and ammonia nitrogen removal efficiencies were 71.6% and 75.8%, respectively. While, Langmuir isotherm was found to provide the best theoretical correlation of the experimental data.
  • Publication
    Coagulation and flocculation treatment of biodiesel wastewater using Ferric Chloride
    (IOP Publishing, 2020)
    Zawawi Daud
    ;
    Nair Gomesh
    ;
    Husnul Azan Tajarudin
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Halizah Awang
    ;
    Nazlizan Nasir
    ;
    Amir Detho
    ;
    Mohd Baharudin Ridzuan
    Attempts were made this study to examine of coagulation and flocculation process using ferric chloride and polyelectrolyte (cationic) for the treatment biodiesel wastewater. Removal of SS (suspended solid), color, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and Oil and Grease (O&G) using ferric chloride and organic polyelectrolyte during coagulation/flocculation process were investigated. Also the optimum condition for coagulation/flocculation process, such as pH, coagulant dosage and polyelectrolyte dosage of solution were investigated using jar test experiment. The effect of different dosage of polyelectrolyte in combination with coagulant was also studied. The result revealed that in the range of pH tested, the optimal pH is 6. Percentage removal of 95%, 93%, 63%, 97% for SS, color, COD and O&G respectively, were achieved at optimum dosage value; 350 mg/L. While, 86.3%, 86.7%, 57.2, 81% removal of SS, color, COD, O&G respectively, were achieved with the addition 10 mg/L cationic to 125 mg/L ferric chloride. It can be conclude from this study that coagulation/flocculation may be a useful as a pre-treatment process for biodiesel wastewater.
      3  24
  • Publication
    Identification of Paracoccus Solventivorans sp. as sulphate oxidizing bacteria isolated from palm oil sludge
    (IOP Publishing, 2020)
    Husnul Azan Tajarudin
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Nair Gomesh
    ;
    Zawawi Daud
    ;
    Nastaein Qamaruz Zaman
    ;
    Nuraiffa Syazwi Adzami
    ;
    Fatin Farhana Kamarzaman
    The emission of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) from industrial processes causesodour nuisance to the surrounding community. Thus, the ability of sulphur oxidizing bacteria could eliminate H₂S by changing it into non-odorous elemental sulphur or sulphate. In this study, the isolate bacteria of Paracoccus solventivorans ATCC 700252 demonstrated pH reduction from pH 8 to about pH 5.27 with sulphate content production of454.0 g/ml. The growth of Paracoccus sp. was increased using sulphur as elemental carbon and oxygen as electron acceptor. The optimum temperature and pH of Paracoccus sp. were in the range of 30°C to 40°C and pH 7.00 to pH 8.00, respectively. The utilization of Paracoccus sp. will create a potential application for H₂S removal and preserve the environment from further odour pollution.
      1  11
  • Publication
    Evaluation of pulp from napier grass by biochemical pulping for paper industry
    (IOP Publishing, 2020)
    Zawawi Daud
    ;
    Nair Gomesh
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Husnul Azan Tajarudin
    ;
    Halizah Awang
    ;
    Mohd Zainuri Mohd Hatta
    ;
    Mohd Baharudin Ridzuan
    ;
    Amir Detho
    Malaysia has high rates of accelerating faster on depleting activities compared any other tropical countries in the world. This problem also affects the economic losses of some countries that face deforestation. To overcome this, Napier grass from non-wood was chosen between new methods by xylanase enzyme treatment for pulp production. This study going through the morphological characterization, pulpability at kappa number and the characteristic for biochemical pulping process. These conclude that biochemical had a high percentage of pulp yields; with a low screening rejects; good Kappa number by TAPPI method. Thus, xylanase enzyme has a potential to be sub-treatment for Malaysia’s pulp and papermaking industry to produce a good waste-wealth product in future.
      1  9
  • Publication
    Immobilization of Bacillus sphaericus with palm oil fuel ash for self-healing in the mortar
    (IOP Publishing Ltd, 2020)
    Husnul Azan Tajarudin
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Nair Gomesh
    ;
    Zawawi Daud
    ;
    Megat Azmi Megat Johari
    ;
    Badorul Hisham Abu Bakar
    ;
    Rawahah Wahdah Djuanda
    Crack in concrete or mortar provides preferential accesses for permeation of liquids and gasses which results in degradation of concrete or mortar and structural failure. Basically, this study has used immobilizedBacillus sphaericus(B.sphaericus) with palm oil fuel ash as self-healing agent in the mortar. The strength of the mortar was improved throughprecipitation of calcium carbonate byB.sphaericuscausing stronger structure due to the binding effect of calcium silicate (C-S-H) gel produced from the pozzolanic reaction. Both self-healing agentswere most likely increased the performance of self-healing in the mortar. In the first phase of this study, the immobilization of both self-healing agentswas studied. This was then followed by embedment of immobilizedB.sphaericuswith POFA into mortar mixture and the effect of different mortar proportion on flow table diameter, compressive strength, microstructural and atomic percentage. It was found that samples containing bio-based self-healing agent recorded the highest compressive strength of 20.95 MPa. The micrograph of SEM and EDX analysis showed that self-healing occurred when secondary C-S-H gel and calcium carbonate present in particular sample. From the result obtained, embedment of the immobilizedB.sphaericuswith POFA into mortar mixture could solve the crack issue.
      2  6
  • Publication
    Effect of dye sensitized solar cell fabricated with different thickness of Rutile-Anatase TiOâ‚‚ electrode on the electrical performance
    (IOP Publishing, 2020)
    Nair Gomesh
    ;
    Ragunathan Al Santiagoo
    ;
    Song-Quan Ong
    ;
    Husnul Azan Tajarudin
    ;
    Zawawi Daud
    ;
    Syafinar Ramli
    DSSC is in the third generation of PV technology which employ easily available raw material with low cost manufacturing methods. Dye- Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) consist of a photo electrochemical cell of oxide semiconductor layer, dye molecules, electrolyte and counter electrode. This paper presents the comparison of the thickness of the TiO₂ using Rutile-Anatase composition at 1:4 ratioto the electrical performance of the DSSC. The Dr. Blade method was employed to the fabrication of the DSSC with a reference dyes and platinum sputtered technique counter electrode. The result shows that solar cell with an efficiency of 0.36 % of was produced from electrode film thickness of 10 µm. Further increase in the thickness shows decreased of the efficiency, especially the short circuit current. From the experiment conducted, it shows the 10 µm is suitable size to fabricate the DSSC using the RA-TiO₂ but further investigation is needed to verify the electron transfer efficiency and recombination rate in thicker/thinner films.
      1  9