Nur Zatul 'Iffah Zakaria
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Nur Zatul 'Iffah Zakaria
Official Name
Nur Zatul 'Iffah, Zakaria
Alternative Name
Iffah Zakaria, Nur Zatul
Zakaria, Nur Zatul Iffah
Iffah Zakaria, N.Z.
Zakaria, N.Z.-I.
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Scopus Author ID
57214555631

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Evaluation of various lignocellulosic biomass and cereal grains as potential spawn materials for wild Schizophyllum commune cultivation

2020-12-18 , Siti Aminah Mohd Hassan , Sam Sung Ting , Nur Zatul 'Iffah Zakaria , Norhidayah Abd Aziz , Zarina Zakaria , Nurfatirah N. , Azhar M.

Rapid mycelium growth in spawn production and on growth substrate could suppress contamination, which is significant in mushroom industry. The aim of the study is to investigate the potential of lignocellulosic biomass waste as new materials alternative to common cereal grains in producing spawn for wild S. commune cultivation on rice husk, paddy straw, and rubber wood sawdust. The fastest mycelium growth among lignocellulosic biomass was found on rice husk spawn (1.27 cm/day) and 1.98 cm/day for wheat grain. The shortest duration for substrate colonization for both lignocellulosic and grain spawn is on paddy straw, followed by rice husk, and rubber wood sawdust.

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Deep Eutectic Solvent Pretreatment of Rubber Seed Shells for Cellulose and Hemicellulose Production

2023 , Nur Zatul 'Iffah Zakaria , Norshakilla Afendi , Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny , Younesi Habibollah , Ku Syahidah Ku Ismail

Ethanol is a clean biofuel that can be produced from biomass, namely, rubber seed shells. Rubber seed shells (RSS) tend to be less worthy and are rapidly becoming an agricultural waste. The environment is getting incredibly degraded as the industrial world constantly expands and has become more technologically developed in industrial operations. Generally, the most common chemical method used in pretreatment is acid and alkaline based. However, this method is unsuitable since it causes a lot of problems such as inhibitors generation and high energy consumption during the pretreatment process. Therefore, in this study, deep eutectic solvent (DESs) was used as the green solvent to pretreat the RSS for more environmentally friendly production of cellulose and hemicellulose. Seven combinations of hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and hydrogen bond donor (HBD) were used to synthesize DESs based on their molar ratio and physiochemical properties (pH, viscosity, density, hydrogen bond) were examined. Later, the best synthesized DES to pretreat RSS based on the cellulose and hemicellulose content was evaluated. The chemical composition (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) for untreated and pretreated RSS were determined by using the ASTM and TAPPI methods. The experimental results showed that the higher cellulose production were obtained by using acidic based DESs; ChCl:Oxalic acid, ChCl:Lactic acid and ChCl:Formic acid (24.43, 20.42, and 20.31%, respectively). Meanwhile, higher hemicellulose was obtained when using ChCl:Ethylene glycol and ChCl:Urea, with 46.86% and 41.14%, respectively. Hence, the study showed that acidic and slightly acidic based DESs were able to produce high cellulose and hemicellulose from RSS.

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