Norizah Abd Karim
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Preferred name
Norizah Abd Karim
Official Name
Norizah, Abd Karim
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Karim, Norizah Abd
Karim, N. A.A.Abdul
Karim, N. A.
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Scopus Author ID
57195982475

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Producing low temperature graphitic compound from oil palm trunk waste

2019 , Norizah Abd Karim

Carbon has many allotropes or polymorphs which differ in the arrangement of atom. Graphite, graphene, fullerenes and diamond are common example of carbon allotrope. Graphene receive a great impact on electronic and optoelectronic devices, chemical sensors, nano-composites and energy storage. However, the graphene is derived from the chemical processes and treatment of graphite. There are two types of graphite, which are, natural graphite and synthetic graphite. Previously, synthetic graphite was produced under higher heating temperature, which is above 2500ՕC in complex processing method, which bear the name of the scientist whose discover the synthetic graphite namely “Acheson Process”. Previously, synthetic graphite was produced under higher heating temperature and by using petroleum coke, anthracite, and coal tar pitch as the pre cursor raw materials. However, in this study, via pyrolysis process, in controlled heating condition, and specific heating rate by utilizing oil palm trunk waste, synthetic graphite was manage to produce at much lower heating temperature. In this study, the heating temperature was varied in five heating temperature series, which are, 300°C, 500°C, 800°C, 1000°C and 1200°C. The heating rate applied was also varied in 3 different series, which are, 5°/min, 10°/min and 20°/min. After the heating treatment, the sample was characterized by different analysis tools, including, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, RAMAN analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis, Thermogravimetry (TGA) Analysis, and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Analysis. The results obtained for produced synthetic graphite was compared with the commercial graphite. From the conducted characterization process, among all parameters varied, the best parameter to produce synthetic graphite from oil palm trunk waste was at the heating temperature of 800ºC and with the heating rate of 20º/min. XRD analysis of the synthetic graphite produced at 800 ºC, 20º/min, shows the significant graphite peak in XRD diffraction pattern at 26 º in 2ϴ, which is comparable with the commercial synthetic graphite. This was further supported with RAMAN analysis as to confirm the graphitic nature of the synthetic graphite produced. RAMAN spectroscopy shows the graphitic nature of the graphite obtained in the presence of D, G and 2D peaks at 1250 cm-1, 1625 cm-1 and 2700 cm-1 respectively. From the morphological characterization conducted by scanning electron microscope (SEM), the formation of graphite flakes also formed for the sample heated at 800 ºC at 20º/min which comparable with the commercial synthetic graphite. Thermogravimetry (TGA) analysis also show the 10 % of percentage weight loss as a function of increasing temperature for sample heated at 800 ºC, 20º/min. Fourier transform Infra-Red (FTIR) analysis also show existence of functional group of graphite. The synthetic graphite obtained from the best parameters was further exfoliated by using Modified Hummers Method to produce reduced graphene oxide. The reduced graphene oxide produced was further characterized by using XRD, RAMAN, FTIR and TEM.

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Banana stem waste as a sustainable modifier for microstructure modification of protonic ceramic fuel cell cathode

2024-06 , Ismariza Ismail , Muhammad Mahyiddin Ramli , Norizah Abd Karim , Abdullah Abdul Samat

This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing banana stem waste (BSW) as a pore former to modify the microstructure of the PCFC composite cathode. The microstructure of the La₀.₆Sr₀.₄Co₀.2Fe₀.8O3-α-Ba(Ce₀.₆Zr₀.₄)₀.₉Y₀.1O3-δ (LSCF-BCZY64) composite cathode was modified by varying the amounts of the incorporated banana stem waste. The samples underwent sintering at 1000 ˚C, and their microstructural and physical properties were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and densimeter. The results indicate that the incorporation of BSW enhances the porosity of the cathode without significantly affecting its crystalline structure. As the amount of BSW increased from 10 to 40 wt.%, the porosity level increased from 7.0% to 32.7%, and the density of the samples decreased from 1.3 to 0.9 g/cm3, thereby supporting the results of the porosity analysis. Increased cathode porosity can enhance reactant accessibility to active sites, potentially resulting in improved cell performance and durability. Moreover, the utilization of BSW as a sustainable and cost-effective pore former aligns with the growing emphasis on environmentally friendly materials in energy applications.

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Analysis on Silica and Graphene Nanomaterials Obtained From Rice Straw for Antimicrobial Potential

2024-06-12 , Muhammad Nur Aiman Uda , A Jalil N.H. , Muhammad Firdaus Abdul Muttalib , Fadhilnor Abdullah , Uda Hashim , Subash Chandra Bose Gopinath , Afnan Uda M.N. , Shahidah Arina Shamsuddin , Norizah Abd Karim , Ahmad Radi Wan Yaakub , Ibrahim N.H. , Tijjani Adam , Nor Azizah Parmin , Baharum N.A.

This study focuses on the encapsulation of silica and graphene nanoparticles and their potential applications. The encapsulation enhances the properties and effectiveness of these nanoparticles, with silica providing stability and graphene contributing to high surface area and electrical conductivity. Characterization of silica-graphene nanoparticles was conducted using various techniques including High Power Microscope (HPM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and 3D Nano Profiler. The antimicrobial activity of silica, graphene, and silica-graphene nanoparticles was evaluated using a disc diffusion assay against E. coli and B. subtilis at varying concentrations. Results showed significant antimicrobial activity, with the inhibition zone being directly proportional to the concentration. Silica-graphene nanoparticles demonstrated higher efficacy against E. coli compared to B. subtilis, attributed to differences in cell wall structure. Statistical analysis using ANOVA confirmed significant differences in antimicrobial activity among the tested components.

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Aluminium Interdigitated Electrode with 5.0 µm Gap for Electrolytic Scooting

2024-06-01 , Afnan Uda M.N. , Uda Hashim , Asral Bahari Jambek , Tijjani Adam , Saad I. , Muhammad Nur Aiman Uda , Nor Azizah Parmin , Shahidah Arina Shamsuddin , Norizah Abd Karim , Yashni G. , Ibrahim N.H. , Parimon N. , Rani M.F.H.

The goal of the research project is to design, fabricate, and characterize an extremely sensitive biosensor for use in healthcare. Using AutoCAD software, a novel IDE pattern with a 5 µm finger gap was created. Conventional photolithography and regular CMOS technology were used in the fabrication process. A 3D nano profiler, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-power microscopy (HPM), and low-power microscopy (LPM) were used to physically characterize the manufactured IDE. Chemical testing was done using several pH buffer solutions, and electrical validation was performed using I-V measurements. The Al IDE was produced, with a tolerance of 0.1 µm between the fabricated IDEs and the design mask. Electrical measurements verified the flawless fabrication of the IDE, and the device's repeatability was validated by the outcomes of comparable IDE samples. For each pH buffer solution, a modest additional volume of 2 µl was used to quantitatively detect slight current fluctuations in the microampere range. Through pH calibration for advanced applications in the realm of chemical sensors using an amperometric method, this research study has verified the chemical behavior of the IDE.

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Effect of soaking time towards graphitization of empty fruit bunch (EFB) waste

2023 , Norizah Abd Karim , Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali , Muhammad Mahyiddin Ramli , Marniati , Zulfadhli, M. R.M. , Mutiawati

Empty fruit bunch (EFB) are the second-highest waste produced in the oil palm industry which is 18 022 tonnes in a year. However, the presence of oil palm waste especially from empty fruit bunch (EFB) give a major problem to the disposal. Herein, EFB waste has been identified as a potential carbon source for synthetic graphite production. This is due to implement the lower heating temperature of synthetic graphite produced in controlled heating conditions. Several parameters have been manipulated to study the effect of various parameters on the graphitization process. Hence, in this study, the effect of soaking time towards graphitization of empty fruit bunch (EFB) waste has been investigated. EFB waste was heat treated with various soaking times which is 2 hours, 2.5 hours and 3 hours in controlled heating conditions with constant heating temperature at 500°C and heating rate at 10°/minute After heating treatment, the samples were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and analyzed by X'Pert Highscore Plus software. The functional group of synthetic graphite was determined by using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The morphological study was carried out by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). From the analysis, the best synthetic graphite produced is at the 2.5 hours soaking time with a constant heating temperature at 500°C and a constant heating rate at 10°/min.

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Optimization of soaking time for graphitization of oil palm trunk waste

2023 , Norizah Abd Karim , Muhammad Mahyiddin Ramli , Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali , H. S. S. A. Syed , R. M. S. Syah

Synthetic graphite was synthesized from oil palm trunk chip in controlled heating condition or pyrolysis process. The soaking time was varied in the range of 2.5 hours, 3 hours, and 3.5 hours. While the heating rate and heating temperature was constant at 20 °/min and 500°C accordingly. After heat treatment process, the samples were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and analyzed using X'Pert Highscore Plus software. Synthetic graphite phase was analyzed by XRD and it was further supported by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy analysis to verify existence of functional group. The morphological study was carried out by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Based on the analysis, it was confirmed that synthetic graphite was successfully synthesized at 3hours soaking time with 500 °C and 20 °/min heating rate. Synthetic graphite was observed in the form of amorphous carbon based on the XRD diffraction pattern that match with the reference code of 00-041-1487.

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Graphitization of empty fruit bunch (EFB) waste at lower heating temperature

2023 , Norizah Abd Karim , Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali , Muhammad Mahyiddin Ramli , Marniati , Desita Ria Yusian , Muhammad Zulfadhly Mohd Fazil

Previously, synthetic graphite was produced at higher heating temperature, which is above 2500°C in complex processing method and by using petroleum coke, anthracite, and coal tar pitch as the starting materials. These materials are known as non-waste sources. Therefore, in this study, Empty Fruit Bunch Waste (EFB) has been identified as a potential carbon source from waste to replace the non-waste sources of starting materials for synthetic graphite production. Hence, by implementing a controlled heating condition via pyrolysis process, with fixed heating rate and soaking time, Empty Fruit Bunch Waste (EFB), was heated at 3 different series of heating temperatures, which are, 300°C, 400°C and 500°C. The heating rate applied was maintained at 10°/min and the soaking time used 3 hours. After the heating treatment, the synthetic graphite obtained was characterized by various analytical tools, including, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis, and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Analysis. Based on the analysis, it was confirmed that synthetic graphite was successfully synthesized by heat treatment at 500 °C with 10°/min of heating rate and 3 hours soaking time. Synthetic graphite was observed in the form of amorphous carbon based on the XRD diffraction pattern that matches with the reference code of 00-041-1487.

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Biomass Waste Incorporation in La₀.₆Sr₀.₄Co₀.₂Fe₀.₈O₃-α˗Ba(Ce₀.₆Zr₀.₄)₀.₉Y₀.1O₃-δ composite cathode: effects on microstructural and physical properties

2025 , Ismariza Ismail , Nur Ashafieka Abdullah , Norizah Abd Karim , Shazlina Johari , Muhammad Mahyiddin Ramli

This study explores the incorporation of rice straw as a pore-forming agent in fabricating the La₀.₆Sr₀.₄Co₀.₂Fe₀.₈O₃-α˗Ba(Ce₀.₆Zr₀.₄)₀.₉Y₀.1O₃–δ (LSCF-BCZY) composite cathode, focusing on its microstructural and physical properties. Conventional cathode materials often face challenges in balancing porosity and structural stability, with synthetic pore formers posing environmental and consistency concerns. To address these issues, rice straw was introduced into the cathode matrix at varying weight percentages, and the composites were sintered at 1000 °C. The addition of rice straw was evaluated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and densitometry. The results revealed that increasing rice straw content significantly enhanced cathode porosity, rising from 5.53 to 27.74%, with a concomitant reduction in density from 1.33 to 0.93 g/cm3, while maintaining the crystalline stability of the LSCF-BCZY composite. Enhanced porosity suggests improved reactant diffusion to active sites, potentially benefiting the cell's performance in future energy applications. This work highlights the potential of agricultural waste as a sustainable and effective alternative to synthetic pore formers in cathode fabrication.

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Production of low temperature synthetic graphite

2023-04 , Anis Syafiqa Rosman , Ranjitha Navalan , Muhammad Mahyiddin Ramli , Norizah Abd Karim , Mohd Fairus Ahmad , Shazlina Johari , Norshamsuri Ali @ Hasim , Nurul Huda Osman

Synthetic graphite is a material consisting of graphitic carbon which has been obtained by graphitizing a non-graphitic carbon. The growth in demand, particularly in customizing properties for certain usage has brought about research on viable alternative, low-cost, and environmentally pleasant synthetic graphite production. Biomass wastes are amongst appealing carbon precursors which have been broadly checked out as replacement carbon for graphite production. This research aimed to synthesize synthetic graphite from oil palm trunks at low temperatures (500 °C, 400 °C and 300 °C) under controlled conditions to determine the physical properties and properties of the graphite obtained. After the heat treatment process, the obtained samples were then characterized by using XRD, SEM and RAMAN characterizations. Based on SEM and RAMAN characterization, it can be seen that graphite that undergoes a 500 °C pyrolysis process shows the best results compare to graphite that undergoes a pyrolysis process at the temperatures of 300 °C and 400 °C. The graphite flakes and the peaks obtained for 500 °C graphite are obviously present. For XRD characterization, the best samples at 500 °C were chosen to be characterized. From the results, the sample shows slight behavior imitating the commercialized graphite. Hence, from the characterizations of the samples, it can be concluded that the best synthetic graphite produced was from the oil palm trunks heated at 500 ° C

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Overview of activated carbon derived from biomass for heavy metal removal

2020 , Z. Nur Aimi Nadhirah , M. Rabiatul Manisah , Norizah Abd Karim , Faizul Che Pa

Discharge of industrial wastewater containing heavy metals has resulted in serious problems thus effective solution to prevent such pollution is vitally needed. Adsorption technique is a popular method wastewater treatment and studies are focusing on the development of alternative activated carbons derived from biomass as alternative adsorbent with low cost, abundantly available and environment friendly. This paper goes through the treatment of biomass as activated carbon and its application in reducing heavy metals in wastewater. Such technology will reduce the cost of activated carbon production and the cost of biomass disposal as well.

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