Ahmad Azrem Azmi
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Preferred name
Ahmad Azrem Azmi
Official Name
Ahmad Azrem, Azmi
Alternative Name
Azmi, Ahmad Azrem
Azrem, A. A.
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
55562182300
Researcher ID
AAA-1068-2021

Research Output
Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
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A review on the effect of extrusion parameter on 3D printing filament diameter

2023 , Krishna Kumar Nitiyah , Luqman Musa , Mohamad Syahmie Mohamad Rasidi , Khairel Rafezi Ahmad , Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim , Rozyanty Rahman , Ahmad Azrem Azmi

Over the years, the extrusion technique has captured the attention of polymer industries by meeting the demand for polymer processing and fabrication of final products. Extrusion is a continuous process, and it has a lot of potential in the increasing polymer sector, especially in the three-dimensional (3D) printing sector. 3D printing is popular because the feedstock filament form is accessible and produce able. The properties of the filament used influence the printed part qualities regardless of the FDM parameters. This study provides information on how extrusion parameters affect the diameter of extruded filaments. This study reviews previous studies on the effect of varied extrusion settings on filament diameter. The review will serve as a resource for researchers in the 3D printing sector to fabricate their filaments for 3D printing. Overall, this paper will provide solutions to overcome issues in obtaining optimal filament diameters for future research projects.

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A review on the potential of polylactic acid based thermoplastic elastomer as filament material for fused deposition modelling

2022-09-01 , Luqman Musa , Krishna Kumar N. , Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim , Mohamad Syahmie Mohamad Rasidi , Watson Rennie A.E. , Rozyanty Rahman , Yousefi Kanani A. , Ahmad Azrem Azmi

Currently, a range of sectors are implementing three-dimensional (3D) printing, which is a part of additive manufacturing (AM) technology via the fused deposition modelling (FDM) approach. As of now, various filament materials are available in the market and have their limitations. Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) blend as a filament material in 3D printing should be implemented to overcome the weakness of available filaments. TPE blend stands out due to its flexibility, thermoplastic-like processability, and renewability. Based on the findings, TPE blend filament can be made with polylactic acid (PLA) thermoplastic and elastomers such as natural rubber (NR) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). The TPE printed components will be flexible; tough with excellent thermal and mechanical properties. In this paper, the characteristics of TPE are being reviewed to show the potential of TPE material as filament.

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Publication

A review on graft compatibilizer for thermoplastic elastomer blend

2021-11-12 , Nitiyah K.K. , Luqman Musa , Mohamad Syahmie Mohamad Rasidi , Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim , Rozyanty Rahman , Ahmad Azrem Azmi , Rennie A.

A biodegradable thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) blend is developed by blending poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and natural rubber (NR) or epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and it is a sustainable substitution in recent years for synthetic polymers. PLA is high in mechanical strength and compostable, but it is highly stiff and brittle. The incorporation of NR or ENR to PLA increases the impact strength and toughness of PLA. However, the disparity in polarity between PLA and elastomer phase like NR and ENR results in TPE blend being incompatible. Hence, compatibilization is essential to improve its polarity and develop interactions. Compatibilizer that composed of two different polymer is known is graft compatibilizer with the aid of grafting agent. The graft compatibilizers are divided into two categories. The first type is made up of one polymer and grafting agent and, the other one is composed of two polymer groups and grafting agent. These two types of graft compatibilizer can be prepared via two different method such as direct melt blending and solution. Apart from this, the TPE blend is produced via the melt blending technique with mixing machines such as internal mixer and extruder. This article has reviewed the preparation of the graft compatibilizer and blending technique of TPE. Based on the findings, the graft compatibilizers has a significant role in improving miscibility and compatibility across blend composed of different phase.

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Publication

A review on the potential of polylactic acid based thermoplastic elastomer as filament material for fused deposition modelling

2022 , Luqman Musa , Nitiyah Krishna Kumar , Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim , Mohamad Syahmie Mohamad Rasidi , Allan Edward Watson Rennie , Rozyanty Rahman , Armin Yousefi Kanani , Ahmad Azrem Azmi

Currently, a range of sectors are implementing three-dimensional (3D) printing, which is a part of additive manufacturing (AM) technology via the fused deposition modelling (FDM) approach. As of now, various filament materials are available in the market and have their limitations. Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) blend as a filament material in 3D printing should be implemented to overcome the weakness of available filaments. TPE blend stands out due to its flexibility, thermoplastic-like processability, and renewability. Based on the findings, TPE blend filament can be made with polylactic acid (PLA) thermoplastic and elastomers such as natural rubber (NR) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). The TPE printed components will be flexible; tough with excellent thermal and mechanical properties. In this paper, the characteristics of TPE are being reviewed to show the potential of TPE material as filament.

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Publication

Crumb rubber geopolymer mortar at elevated temperature exposure

2022 , Ahmad Azrem Azmi , Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah , Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali , Romisuhani Ahmad , Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya , Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim , Mohammad A. Almadani , Wysłocki, Jerzy J. , Agata Śliwa , Andre Victor Sandu

Low calcium fly ash is used as the main material in the mixture and the crumb rubber was used in replacing fine aggregates in geopolymer mortar. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) which were high alkaline solution were incorporated as the alkaline solution. The fly ash reacted with the alkaline solution forming alumino-silicate gel that binds the aggregate to produce a geopolymer mortar. The loading of crumb rubber in the fly ash based geopolymer mortar was set at 0%

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Publication

Crumb rubber geopolymer mortar at elevated temperature exposure

2022-01-01 , Ahmad Azrem Azmi , Mohd. Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah , Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali , Ahmad R. , Jaya R.P. , Shayfull Zamree Abd. Rahim , Almadani M.A. , Wysłocki J.J. , Śliwa A. , Sandu A.V.

Low calcium fly ash is used as the main material in the mixture and the crumb rubber was used in replacing fine aggregates in geopolymer mortar. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) which were high alkaline solution were incorporated as the alkaline solution. The fly ash reacted with the alkaline solution forming alumino-silicate gel that binds the aggregate to produce a geopolymer mortar. The loading of crumb rubber in the fly ash based geopolymer mortar was set at 0% (CRGM-0), 5% (CRGM-5), 10% (CRGM-10), 15% (CRGM-15), and 20% (CRGM-20), respectively. NaOH solution (12M) and Na2SiO3 solution ratio is set constant at 2.5 for all geopolymer mixture and the fly ash to alkali activator ratio was kept at 2.0. The CRGM at 28 days of curing time was exposed to elevated temperature at 200◦C, 400◦C, 600◦C and 800◦C. The weight loss of the CRGM increases with increasing temperature at all elevated temperatures. However, the density and compressive strength of CRGM decrease with an increase of crumb rubber loading for all elevated temperature exposure. The compressive strength of CRGM reduced due to the fact that rubber decomposes between 200◦C and 600◦C thereby creating voids. CRGM-15 and CRGM-20 showed cracks developed with rough surface at 800◦C. Image obtained from scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that, the CRGM changed significantly due to the decomposition of crumb rubber and evaporation of the free water at 400◦C, 600◦C and 800◦C.

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