this study used COMSOL software to design biosensors with higher sensitivity and accuracy. The software allowed simulations of the sensor's behavior in an electrolyte, providing insights into electric field distribution and optimizing electrode design. The study also simulated properties like electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, density, permittivity, and permeability. The use of nanocomposites like aluminum oxide, gold nanorods, and zinc oxide further enhanced the performance, improving sensitivity and biocompatibility of the biosensors.
