Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
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Preferred name
Mohd Hanafi Mat Som
Official Name
Mohd Hanafi , Mat Som
Alternative Name
Mat Som, M. H
Mat Som, Mohd Hanafi
Som, M. H.M.
Som, M. H.Mat
Som, Mohd Hanafi Mat
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Scopus Author ID
57215715847
Researcher ID
R-4326-2019

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Correlation between postural stability and lower extremity joint reaction forces in young adults during incline and decline walking

2023 , Noor Arifah Azwani Abdul Yamin , Khairul Salleh Basaruddin , Muhammad Farzik Ijaz , Hiroshi Takemura , Mohd Hanafi Mat Som , Muhammad Nazrin Shah Shahrol Aman

Postural stability may be affected during slope walking, as there are different body kinetics and kinematic responses compared with level walking. Understanding body adaptations toward different inclinations is essential to prevent the risk of injury from falls or slips. This study was conducted to determine the correlations between stability parameters and loading response in terms of joint reaction force at the lower-extremity joints during inclined and declined walking. Twenty male subjects walked in the level, incline, and decline directions on a custom-built platform at three different slope angles (i.e., 5°, 7.5°, and 10°). To determine the ground reaction force (GRF), joint reaction force (JRF), center of pressure (COP), and center of mass (COM), a motion capture system was used to read the data of the ten reflective markers and transfer them to visual three-dimensional (3D) software. Pearson’s correlation test was performed with statistical significance set at p < 0.05 to evaluate the correlation of the required coefficient of friction (RCOF), postural stability index (PSI), and COP-COM distance with the JRF. This study has identified that the JRF changes in opposition to the changes in the RCOF during the initial strike during incline and decline walking, as JRF increases, the RCOF decreases with different strengths of correlation. There is also a strong positive correlation between the PSI and JRF in the proximal–distal direction, where the JRFs change in accordance with the change in the PSI, and the JRF increases with the increment of PSI. In addition, the JRF of the lower extremity also changed in a manner similar to the COP-COM distance in the medial–lateral direction. Overall, each stability parameter was correlated with the JRF of the lower-extremity joints in different directions and strengths. This study demonstrated that slope walking is particularly affected by surface inclination in terms of stability and loading. Therefore, this research can serve as a basis for future studies on slopes, as there is no specific basis for a maximum degree of inclination that is safe and suitable for all applications.

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Lower extremity joint reaction forces and plantar fascia strain responses due to incline and decline walking

2021-01-01 , Noor Arifah Azwani Abdul Yamin , Khairul Salleh Basaruddin , Shahriman Abu Bakar , Ahmad Faizal Salleh , Mohd Hanafi Mat Som , Asyraf Hakimi Abu Bakar

Purpose: The present study aims to investigate the effect of incline and decline walking on ground and joint reaction forces (JRF) of lower extremity and plantar fascia strain (PFS) under certain surface inclination angles. Methods: Twenty-three male subjects walked on a customized platform with four different surface inclinations (i.e., 0°, 5°,7.5° and 10°) with inclined and declined directions. The motion of the ten reflective markers was captured using Qualysis motion capture system (Qualysis, Gothenburg, Sweden) and exported to a visual three-dimensional (3D) software (C-motion, Germantown, USA) in order to analyze the GRF, JRF and PFS. Results: The results found that the peak vertical GRF is almost consistent for 0° and 5° inclination slope but started to decrease at 7.5° onwards during decline walking. The most affected JRF was found on knee at medial-lateral direction even as low as 5°, to 10° inclination for both walking conditions. Furthermore, the findings also show that the JRF of lower extremity was more affected during declined walking compared to inclined walking based on the number of significant differences observed in each inclination angle. The PFS was found increased with the increase of surface inclination. Conclusions: The findings could provide a new insight on the relationship of joint reaction forces and strain parameter in response to the incline and decline walking. It would benefit in providing a better precaution that should be considered during hiking activity, especially in medial-lateral direction in order to prevent injury or fall risk.

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Effect of sloped walking on ground and joint reaction forces

2023 , Noor Arifah Azwani Abdul Yamin , Khairul Salleh Basaruddin , N. Z. A. C. Zahar , Mohd Hanafi Mat Som , Ahmad Faizal Salleh , Zahran Khudzari

Sloped walking is commonly known to be benefited to health. However, the increase of GRF that contribute to increment to JRF during inclined walking compared to level-ground walking also has been a concern in preventing injury. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of sloped walking in comparison with level-ground walking to GRF and JRF at hip, knee and ankle joints. Ten healthy male participants (age: 24 ± 1.2 years old with normal body mass index (BMI)) were asked to walk at preferred speed on customized ramp at the slopes of -5°, 0° and 5°. Kinematic data were captured with five-camera motion capture system (Qualysis Track Motion). Kinetic data were measured with two force plate (Bertex) which embedded into the ramp. A musculoskeletal model (Visual 3D C-motion) was used to assess joint reaction force (JRF) of lower limb. Result show that peak value of mean GRF as well as maximum JRF at all joints of lower limb were higher during sloped walking compared to level-ground walking. In addition, the maximum JRF at hip is the highest, followed by knee and ankle for all walking conditions. GRF had a significant influence to the JRF at lower limb during inclined and declined walking where sloped walking have a higher force at all joints of lower limb than level- ground walking. Therefore, a suitable walking strategy in adapting the forces demand is required in preventing any slope slippage and/or vertical body instability that might lead to musculoskeletal injury.

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The Effect of Surface Inclination to Knee Joint Contact Force: A Pilot Study

2021-01-01 , Noor Arifah Azwani Abdul Yamin , Khairul Salleh Basaruddin , Ahmad Faizal Salleh , Ruslizam Daud , Mohd Hanafi Mat Som

Compressive loading at knee during walking on slope can caused the initiation and progression of osteoarthritis due to cartilage degeneration impacted which may require long periods of medical treatment and costly. The purpose of this pilot study is to analyzed the effect of surface inclination to joint contact force at knee in frontal, sagittal and transverse plane during walking. The differences in joint contact forces obtained were analyzed using Freebody 2.0 software. The findings of this pilot study indicate that, both flat and inclined walking have almost similar trends of joint contact force at knee for each direction compared to decline walking. However, each walking condition show different magnitude of tibiofemoral joint contact force. In conclusion, the result of this pilot study could not be taken as a whole. Advancement on surface angle and number of subjects is as well as research in other joint of lower limb is recommended for future work to further understand and prevent any common injury risk during walking on inclined surface.

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Effect of sloped walking on ground and joint reaction forces

2023-04-24 , Noor Arifah Azwani Abdul Yamin , Khairul Salleh Basaruddin , Zahar N.Z.A.C. , Mohd Hanafi Mat Som , Salleh A.F. , Khudzari A.Z.M.

Sloped walking is commonly known to be benefited to health. However, the increase of GRF that contribute to increment to JRF during inclined walking compared to level-ground walking also has been a concern in preventing injury. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of sloped walking in comparison with level-ground walking to GRF and JRF at hip, knee and ankle joints. Ten healthy male participants (age: 24 ± 1.2 years old with normal body mass index (BMI)) were asked to walk at preferred speed on customized ramp at the slopes of -5°, 0° and 5°. Kinematic data were captured with five-camera motion capture system (Qualysis Track Motion). Kinetic data were measured with two force plate (Bertex) which embedded into the ramp. A musculoskeletal model (Visual 3D C-motion) was used to assess joint reaction force (JRF) of lower limb. Result show that peak value of mean GRF as well as maximum JRF at all joints of lower limb were higher during sloped walking compared to level-ground walking. In addition, the maximum JRF at hip is the highest, followed by knee and ankle for all walking conditions. GRF had a significant influence to the JRF at lower limb during inclined and declined walking where sloped walking have a higher force at all joints of lower limb than level- ground walking. Therefore, a suitable walking strategy in adapting the forces demand is required in preventing any slope slippage and/or vertical body instability that might lead to musculoskeletal injury.

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Quantification of Gait Stability during Incline and Decline Walking: The Responses of Required Coefficient of Friction and Dynamic Postural Index

2022-01-01 , Noor Arifah Azwani Abdul Yamin , Khairul Salleh Basaruddin , Shahriman Abu Bakar , Ahmad Faizal Salleh , Mohd Hanafi Mat Som , Haniza Yazid , Hoang T.D.

This study aims to investigate the gait stability response during incline and decline walking for various surface inclination angles in terms of the required coefficient of friction (RCOF), postural stability index (PSI), and center of pressure (COP)-center of mass (COM) distance. A customized platform with different surface inclinations (0°, 5°, 7.5°, and 10°) was designed. Twenty-three male volunteers participated by walking on an inclined platform for each inclination. The process was then repeated for declined platform as well. Qualysis motion capture system was used to capture and collect the trajectories motion of ten reflective markers that attached to the subjects before being exported to a visual three-dimensional (3D) software and executed in Matlab to obtain the RCOF, PSI, as well as dynamic PSI (DPSI) and COP-COM distance parameters. According to the result for incline walking, during initial contact, the RCOF was not affected to inclination. However, it was affected during peak ground reaction force (GRF) starting at 7.5° towards 10° for both walking conditions. The most affected PSI was found at anterior-posterior PSI (APSI) even as low as 5° inclination during both incline and decline walking. On the other hand, DPSI was not affected during both walking conditions. Furthermore, COP-COM distance was most affected during decline walking in anterior-posterior direction. The findings of this research indicate that in order to decrease the risk of falling and manage the inclination demand, a suitable walking strategy and improved safety measures should be applied during slope walking, particularly for decline and anterior-posterior orientations. This study also provides additional understanding on the best incline walking technique for secure and practical incline locomotion.

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