Abdul Ghapar Ahmad
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Preferred name
Abdul Ghapar Ahmad
Official Name
Ahmad, Abdul Ghapar
Alternative Name
Ahmad, Abdul Ghapar
Ahmad, A.G.
Main Affiliation
Scopus Author ID
57192914392
Researcher ID
ENF-7604-2022

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Publication

Influence of Torrefaction on Sewage Sludge

2023-01-01 , Razi Ahmad , Abdul Ghapar Ahmad , Mohammed S.A. , Wan Ahmad W.A.M. , Vikneswaran Vijean , Ragunathan Al Santiagoo , Ibrahim N.R. , Udin N.

Sewage sludge (SS) from sewage treatment plants has been seen as a waste for decades and little attention to investigate the potential and its beneficial product. SS contain a large amount of recoverable energy; however, it has high moisture, ash, heavy metals, and organic contents. Thus, the goal of this research is to use torrefaction to produce upgraded or torrefied SS. The proximate and ultimate analysis was used to determine the physical and chemical characteristic of raw SS. Torrefaction was performed through inert atmosphere in fixed bed reactor. According to the findings, at torrefaction temperature of 300 °C, torrefaction had improved the quality of raw SS, increasing its fixed carbon content by 47.8%, and its moisture content by 61.3%. The optimum temperature for torrefaction was at 300 ℃ with holding time of 60 minutes. This study improved the quality of sewage sludge to be utilised in subsequent thermochemical conversion.

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Compatibilizers Effect on Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber with Polypropylene and Sugarcane Bagasse Composite for Mechanical Properties

2023-10-16 , Zainal M. , Ragunathan Al Santiagoo , Razi Ahmad , Mohammed S.A. , Abdul Ghapar Ahmad , Vikneswaran Vijean , Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad , Allan Melvin Andrew

Compatibilizers effect on recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr) with polypropylene (PP) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) composite for mechanical properties is evaluated. Trans-Polyoctylene Rubber (TOR) and Bisphenol a Diglycidyl Ether (DGEBA) are used as compatibilizers in this study. Three (3) different composites (80/20/15, 60/40/15, and 40/60/15), with fixed filler (15 phr) and compatibilizers (10 phr) content, were carried out. These composites were arranged via melt mixing technique utilizing a heated two-roll mill at a temperature of 180 C for 9 minutes employing a 15-rpm rotor speed. Tensile and morphological properties were evaluated. The result shown average tensile strength dropped by 48.50% as the recycle NBR content rises 20 phr. Nevertheless, subsequent compatibilization reveals that the compositesâ tensile properties were all greater than control composites. The morphology discovered validates the tensile properties, indicating a stronger interaction between the PP/SCB and recycle NBR composites with the addition of compatibilizer DGEBA.

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Potential of pretreated palm kernel shell on pyrolysis

2023-01-01 , Razi Ahmad , Ragunathan Al Santiagoo , Abdul Ghapar Ahmad , Syakirah Afiza Mohammed , Wan Ahmad W.A.M. , Vikneswaran Vijean , Ibrahim N.R.

The impact of pretreatment on palm kernel shell (PKS) with torrefaction for the possibility of pyrolysis is discussed in this study. PKS samples were torrefied at different holding times of 30 and 60 minutes at temperatures of 200, 225, 250, 275, and 300 °C. In a fixed-bed reactor with a constant nitrogen flow rate of 500 ml/min, torrefaction pretreatment was carried out. The elemental composition, mass, and energy yield, as well as proximate analysis, were all performed on the pretreated PKS. The optimised pretreated PKS was pyrolyzed next at a temperature of 400 to 550 °C in a fixed-bed reactor. The outcomes demonstrated that the pretreated PKS had a significant mass and energy yield at a temperature of 250 °C and a holding time of 30 min. PKS's calorific value and carbon content both rose after pretreatment. However, the oxygen and moisture content decreased for pretreated PKS. The maximum bio-oil production of 58% was achieved during the pyrolysis of pretreated PKS at a temperature of 500 °C. At higher temperature of 550 ℃, the bio-oil decreased due to secondary cracking reaction. Consequently, the pretreated PKS has greater potential as effective feedstock for successive proses particularly pyrolysis for bio-oil production.

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